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The Battle of Cologne was fought near the city of Cologne (in modern Germany) in the year 716. The battle is known chiefly as the first battle of Charles Martel's command and is the only defeat of his life.[1]
In 716, the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and Ragenfrid, the mayor of the palace of Neustria, invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing factions there: those of Theudoald and Plectrude, grandson (and designated heir) and widow respectively of Martel's father Pepin of Heristal, and those of Martel himself, newly escaped from Plectrude's Cologne prison and acclaimed mayor of the palace of Austrasia. Simultaneously Radbod, King of Frisia invaded Austrasia and allied with the king and the Neustrians.
Outside of Cologne, the ultimate target of the invasive army, held still by Plectrude, an ill-prepared Charles Martel, who'd had little time to gather many men, was defeated and forced to flee to the mountains of the Eifel. Martel had only recently been freed from imprisonment by Plectrude after his father's death, and most of his followers had not gathered. Faced with overwhelming numbers, lack of his own men, and no time to prepare, Charles chose to do the only thing he could: flee until he could gather his supporters and prepare. In short, Charles declined to give battle when he could not possibly win. Cologne then fell after a short siege to the king and the Neustrians.
But once in the mountains of the Eifel, Charles began to rally his supporters, and in short order was ready to do battle. He fell on the army of Chilperic II, and at the Battle of Amblève near Ameland Ragenfrid as they returned triumphantly from Cologne, and crushed their army. He used a feigned retreat, among other tactics for which he would become famous, primarily, attacking his foes when they least expected it, usually outnumbered, and depending on his generalship—in this case falling on his foes as they rested at midday, and feigning falling back to draw them fully out of a defensive position, where he crushed them at all. He remained undefeated thereafter for twenty-five years, against a wide variety of foes, foreign and domestic, including his legendary defeat of the Muslim invasion of Europe at the Battle of Tours.
Notes
- ^ "Geschiedenis van het volk der Friezen". Boudicca.de. http://www.boudicca.de/friezen-nl1.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
References
- Oman, Charles. (1914). The Dark Ages 476-918. Rivingtons: London.
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