Battle of Garfagnana

Battle of Garfagnana
Part of Italian Campaign, World War II
Date 26–28 December 1944 Location North of Lucca, Italy Result Tactical Axis victory Territorial changes Territory in northern Tuscany falls back into Axis hands.
Belligerents
United States  United Kingdom  India	Germany  Italian Social Republic
Commanders and leaders
Lucian Truscott Edward Almond Dudley Russell	Rodolfo Graziani Otto Fretter-Pico Mario Carloni
Strength
18,000 men 120 tanks 140 artillery pieces	9,100 men 100 artillery pieces
Casualties and losses
nearly 1,000 killed/missing in action 300+ prisoners taken	about 1,000 killed/missing in action

The Battle of Garfagnana (Italian: Battaglia della Garfagnana), known to the Germans as Operation Winter Storm (Unternehmen Wintergewitter) and nicknamed the "Christmas Offensive" (Italian: Offensiva di Natale), was an offensive of the Axis forces on the western sector of the Gothic Line during World War II. It took place in December 1944 in the north Tuscan Apennines, near Massa and Lucca.^[1]

In late December 1944 the German 14th Army under General Kurt von Tippelskirch, using a mixed Italian / German force of some eight infantry battalions, launched a limited objectives attack on the left wing of the U.S. Fifth Army in the Serchio valley in front of Lucca to pin units there which might otherwise be switched to the central front. Anticipating some operation of this sort, the Allies had ordered two brigades from Indian 8th Infantry Division to be rapidly switched across the Apennines to reinforce the US 92nd Infantry Division. By the time they had arrived the Germans and Italians had broken through to capture Barga and rout the so called Buffalo US Division. Reports from captured US soldiers indicated that they had intended to retreat to Lucca and beyond,^[2] but decisive action by the Indian Division's Major-General Dudley Russell stabilised the situation. Objectives achieved, the German / Italian force broke off the attack and withdrew.

Barga was recaptured one week later by the New Year,^[3] and the front in the western Gothic Line remained nearly stable until late March 1945.

Historical background

Benito Mussolini and his Defense Minister, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, wanted to create for their Italian Social Republic (RSI) an Italian Army, independent from German control. Furthermore they wanted some of the newly created Italian Divisions to participate in a major offensive against the Allies in the Italian peninsula.

They planned an offensive in Garfagnana for two of their new Divisions (the "Monte Rosa" and the "San Marco") and a German Division (and possibly another motorized), with 40,000 men and air support: their final objective would have been the reconquest, from the Allies, of Lucca, Pisa and Livorno in Tuscany. But the Italians lacked armaments, tanks and airplanes; furthermore only the Monterosa Division was ready in December 1944 for the offensive.

Operation Winter Storm (German: Unternehmen Wintergewitter), the small-scale German-Italian 1944 Christmas offensive on the Apennine Mountains in Italy, was the last meaningful feat of arms of the dying World War II Rome-Berlin Axis, and one of the last examples of the German tactical and operational mastery. This offensive badly mauled an American infantry division and achieved some minor results, slightly and inconclusively improving the Axis situation over the Western Apennines Gothic Line sector.^[4]

As a consequence the Germans created their own offensive, called Operation Wintergewitter under general Fretter-Pico's leadership, but with minor size and objectives: just 9,000 soldiers (mostly Italians) attacked in Garfagnana a small area of the Gothic Line, aiming to push the Allies back 25 kilometres (16 mi) and reduce their pressure in the Rimini area.^{[citation needed]}

Meanwhile, units of the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division moved to the Garfagnana sector, in November 1944, and advanced along the Serchio River Valley against light resistance. However, an attempt to capture Castelnuovo di Garfagnana did not succeed.^{[citation needed]}

US Patrol activity continued until after mid December.^[5]

The battle

The Gothic Line, in red. Garfagnana was in the most western section, next to Lucca and Massa

On 21 December 1944, Marshal Graziani and general Carloni visited the battalions of the Monte Rosa Division in the Garfagnana, in order to prepare the offensive.^[6] Following the Ardennes Offensive in mid-December, Allied intelligence had considered the possibility of a similar Axis operation in Northern Italy. They had determined that the most likely objective would be the western coastal sector and as a consequence, the 19th and 21st Brigades of the Indian 8th Infantry Division were ordered from the central Apennine sector to reinforce the US 92nd Infantry Division on the 5th Army's left flank in front of Lucca.^[7][8] 19th Indian Infantry Brigade arrived on 26 December and were ordered by Willis Crittenberger, commander of United States IV Corps, to take up position some 4 miles (6.4 km) behind the 92nd Division's positions. Indian 21st Brigade arrived two days later.^[9] As further insurance, Lucian Truscott, U.S. Fifth Army's commander, placed two infantry regiments from 85th U.S. Infantry Division under Crittenberger's command and moved additional artillery into range.^[10]

On 26 December, several RSI military units, including four battalions of the 4th Italian "Monte Rosa" Alpine Division and the 3rd Italian "San Marco" Marine Division, participated in "Operation Winter Storm" (Wintergewitter) together with three German battalions.

This was a combined German and Italian offensive against the American 92nd Infantry Division. A total of 9,100 Axis troops (of which 66% were Italians), with 100 artillery pieces but no tanks, attacked 18,000 Allied troops which were equipped with 140 artillery batteries and 120 tanks, as well as support from 160 P-47 Thunderbolts of the Allied XXII Tactical Air Command. The surprise factor was fundamental in the attack, together with a cloudy winter front that was hoped to prevent the Allied aircraft from flying. XXII TAC P-47s were in the air throughout the day on the 26th, but continued to fly scheduled missions in Northeastern Italy until the severity of the breakthrough was known. XXII TAC retasked all missions on the 27th to support the 5th Army front and these were key in dislodging the Axis thrust.^{[note 1]}

The attack against the Buffalo soldiers (nickname of the 92nd US Division commanded by Major General Edward Almond) was made in three columns: two by Italians and one by Germans. While German General Fretter-Pico would be the overall commander, Italian General Carloni would lead the attack operationally. All the offensive was under leadership of Italian Marshall Rodolfo Graziani, who promoted the attack with Mussolini.^{[citation needed]}

Their objective: conquest the small towns of Barga, Sommocolonia, Vergemoli, Treppignana, Coreglia, Fornaci di Barga, Promiana, Castelvecchio and Calomini located north-west of Lucca.^[11]

The Order of Battle was:^{[citation needed]}

• First column (toward Vergemoli-Calomini): Italian Alpini Intra battalion; HQ defence company of 1st Reggimento Alpini; Divisional Reconnaissance group; Two battalions of 6th Marine Infantry Regiment (San Marco Division); One battalion of 286th German Grenadier Regiment (German 148th Infantry Division)
• Second column (toward Treppignana-Castelvecchio): One company Italian Alpini Brescia Battalion ; Two battalions of 286th German Grenadier Regiment;
• Third column (toward Sommocolonia-Barga): German Mountain battalion Mittenwald; Groups of Kesserling battalion; Italian 4th Alpini battalion.

December 26th, elements of the two German assault battalions, coming out from darkness, suddenly attacked the Sommocolonia garrison (elements of F Company, 2nd Battalion, 366th Regiment, supported by some partisans). Some authors state that the resistance there was tough but quickly overwhelmed.... In the morning, 200 men of the Mittenwald battalion seized the American positions at Bebbio and Scarpello, villages placed south of Sommocolonia and held by the 92nd Recon Troop, which withdrew to Coreglia.....In the meantime, Axis mortars had opened fire along the whole front and the other two columns had started moving forward. The center column in the Serchio valley - east of Serchio river, the two German Grenadier battalions together with the attached company of the Italian Brescia Alpine battalion- attacked successfully; west of the same river, the other Brescia companies overcame a weak initial resistance, but their opponents were falling back already and the attackers got to Fornaci smoothly, almost without a fight. Fornaci itself fell quickly, although the two German (in fact mostly Alsatian) battalions were heavily criticized for their sluggishness and lack of aggressiveness.The all-Italian right column, however, faced a much more vigorous defense. The San Marco easily seized the village of Molazzano and pushed the defenders back, but the Regimental Headquarters Company suffered losses and could not take the village of Brucciano. The Cadelo Group (of the Monte Rosa Division), supported by the Intra battalion which was engaging the enemy by launching little diversionary attacks, occupied Calomini, but the Vergemoli garrison - 370th Infantry Regiment (elements of the "Buffalo" Division), and some partisan groups - proved a tough nut to crack and could not be dislodged....The stout Vergemoli garrison could be encircled and cut off. It eventually retreated, leaving in place a partisan group as a covering party. By December 27th, the mini-offensive was over. In the morning, the German assault troops entered Pian di Coreglia, their final objective, and Italian patrols went forward as far as the relatively distant village of Calavorno, reporting that the enemy still was in full retreat. The other columns had also reached their objective points, and an entire Allied Division had been routed.^[4]

Buffalo Soldiers of the 92nd Division fighting near Massa, in Garfagnana area

The next morning, the Axis columns occupied Piano di Coreglia, the main objective, and some Italian patrols went forward reporting that the enemy still was in full retreat: an entire Allied division had been defeated. Over 250 prisoners were captured with many weapons, food and equipment.^[12]Italian historian Pellegrinetti wrote that the Italian troops conquered all the villages of the valley up to the outskirts of Bagni di Lucca:^[13] on December 27 late afternoon the main offensive ended, even if the next day there were small territorial consolidations. It has been a success with a penetration of more than 25 kilometres inside the Allies lines.

As troops of the 92nd Division streamed back, they were ordered to take up positions on the left flank of the Indian positions. All Allied troops forming the defence were placed under command of Dudley Russell, commander of the 8th Indian Infantry Division. However, the Axis objectives were short of the Indian line and so the Axis attack was not pressed forward. By late afternoon on December 27, all objectives having been attained, the offensive ended and by the following day the Axis troops were pulling back towards their start lines.^[9]

On 29 December the Indian Division's reconnaissance regiment pushed north up the main road making no contact with the withdrawing troops and by 30 December the front line had been restored more or less to the pre-battle position. On 8 January the Indian troops were withdrawn into reserve^[14] The Alpini of the Monte Rosa Division maintained their new advanced line, 2 kilometres south of the positions they had on December 25, until March 1945.

Consequences

All the objectives of the offensive were attained: the US 5th Army was tactically tripped out; Allied reserves were moved to a secondary sector; Italian Social Republican troops morale were supported by the success; the Axis gained a slightly better defensive situation on the Western Apennines, and indeed, the new front line stayed more or less intact until April 1945 with the Axis collapse.

Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, who had promoted the attack in order to give military importance to the RSI, was extremely satisfied and wanted to continue the offensive. But the air superiority of the Allies stopped any further Axis attack to break south of the Gothic line.

Fascist propaganda of the RSI gave huge importance to the Offensive in Garfagnana, claiming it was a small Italian version of the Ardennes Offensive that happened in the same December 1944.^[6]

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

• Cornia, Carlo (1971) (in Italian). Monterosa (storia della Divisione Alpina Monterosa della RSI). Udine: Del Bianco. 
• Del Giudice, Davide (2008) (in Italian). Linea Gotica 1944: Operazione Temporale d'Inverno. Milano: Editoriale Ritter. 
• Fiaschi, Cesare (1999) (in Italian). La guerra sulla linea gotica occidentale. Bologna: Editoriale Lo Scarabeo. 
• Jackson, General Sir William & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO:1988]. Butler, Sir James. ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume VI: Victory in the Mediterranean, Part 3 - November 1944 to May 1945. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-072-6. 
• Moseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: the last 600 days of il Duce. Lanham: Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 1-58979-095-2. 
• Oland, Dwight (1996). North Apennines 1944-1945. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. ISBN 0-16-061321-3. 
• Pellegrinetti, Mario (2003) (in Italian). Appunti per una storia della guerra civile in Garfagnana (1943-1945). Lucca: Editrice Fazzi. ISBN 978-88-7246-557-8. 

See also

• Gothic Line
• Gothic Line order of battle
• Italian Campaign (World War II)
• Rodolfo Graziani
• Military history of Italy during World War II
• 92nd Infantry Division
• Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano
• Army Group Liguria

External links

• Photos of Monte Rosa "Alpini" fighting in Garfagnana mountains
• Article on Buffalo Soldiers fight at Sommocolonia (near Barqa in Garfagnana)
• Detailed Map of the "Offensiva di Natale" in Garfagnana
• Photos and information on Monte Rosa Division offensive in Garfagnana