The Bektashism (Turkish: Bektaşilik) is an Islamic Sufi order (tariqat). It was founded in the 13th
century by the Islamic saint Hacı Bektaş Veli. The Bektashi order was greatly influenced during its fomulative period by both the
Hurufi Ali al-'Ala in the 15th
century and the Qalandariyah. The order was reorganized by Balim Sultan in the
16th century.
Reverence of Imam Ali is central to Bektashi faith, common with Alevis and orthodox Shi'as.
Despite this orthodox Muslims - both Sunni and Shi'ah - typically consider Bektashis to be heretics.
Bektashism is considered a blend of both Shi'a and Sufi
concepts, and the Bektashi Order contains distinct rituals and doctrines. Bektashis have always had wide appeal and influence as
a discipline and people.
Bektashism and Alevism are closely related in terms of both philosophy and culture. In present
day Turkey, they are generally regarded as parts of an integrated Alevi-Bektashi culture. In
post-Ottoman Albania, Bektashism evolved into a more
distinct Islamic sect rather than a traditional Sufi order.
Beliefs
Bektashism is a Sufi order and shares much in common with other Islamic mystical movements, such as the need for an
experienced spiritual guide Murshid مرشد, the doctrine of the four gates Shari'ah شريعة, Tariqah طريقة, Ma'rifah معرفة, Haqiqah حقيقة.
Bektashism places much emphasis on the concept of Wahdat-ul-Wujood وحدة الوجود, the
"Unity of Being" that was formulated by Ibn Arabi. This has often been erroneously labeled by
Westerners as pantheism, although it is a concept closer to panentheism. Bektashism is also heavily permeated with Shi'ite concepts, such as the marked veneration of
'Ali, the Twelve Imams and the ritual commemoration of the Ashurah
marking the Battle of Karbala. The old Persian holiday
of Norouz is also celebrated by Bektashis as being Imam Ali's birthday.
In keeping with the central belief of Wahdat al-Wujud the Bektashi see reality contained in Allah-Muhammad-Ali, a single unified entity.
Bektashi do not consider this a form of trinity. There are many other practices and ceremonies
that share similarity with other faiths, such as a ritual meal (muhabbet) and yearly confession of sins to a baba
(magfirat-i zunub مغفرة الذنوب). This has led many[citation needed] to form theories of borrowing and syncretism from Christianity and
Gnosticism. Bektashis base their practices and rituals on their non-orthodox and mystical interpretation and understanding of the
Qur'an and the Prophetic practice (Sunnah). They have no written
doctrine specific to them, thus rules and rituals may differ depending on under whose influence one has been taught. Bektashis
generally revere Sufi mystics outside of their own order, such as Al-Ghazali and
Jelalludin Rumi who are close in spirit to them.
Bektashis hold that the Qur'an has two levels of meaning: an outer (zahir ظاهر) and an inner (batin باطن). They
hold the latter to be superior and eternal and this is reflected in their understanding of both the universe and humanity (This
view can also be found in Ismaili Islam - see Batiniyya).
Bektashism is also initiatic and members must traverse various levels or ranks as they progress along the spiritual path to
Reality. First level members are called aşıks عاشق. They are those who, while not having taken initiation into the order
are nevertheless draw to it. Following initiation (called nasip) one becomes a mühip محب. After some time as a
mühip, one can take further vows and become a dervish. The next level above
dervish is that of baba. The baba (lit. father) is considered to be the head of a tekke and qualified to give spiritual guidance (irshad إرشاد). Above the baba is the rank of
halife-baba (or dede, grandfather). Traditionally there were twelve of these, the most senior being the
dedebaba (great-grandfather). The dedebaba was considered to be the highest ranking authority in the Bektashi
Order. Traditionally the residence of the dedebaba was the Pir Evi (The Saint's Home) which was located in the shrine of
Haji Bektash in the central Anatolian town of Hacıbektaş (aka Solucakarahüyük).
History
The Bektashi order was widespread in the Ottoman Empire, their lodges being scattered
throughout Anatolia as well as many parts of Balkans and the
imperial city of Istanbul.
The order had close ties with the Janissary corps, the bulk of the Ottoman Army. (Nicolle,
David; pg 29) With the abolition of Janissaries, the Bektashi order was banned throughout Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826. This decision was supported by the Sunni religious elite as well as the leaders of
other, more orthodox, Sufi orders. Bektashi tekkes were closed and their dervishes were exiled. Bektashis slowly regained
freedom with the coming of the Tanzimat era. The first U.S. college in the Middle East,
Robert College, was built close to a Bektashi tekke in Bebek north of Istanbul. According to a German teacher at Robert in the 1890s, Friedrich Schrader, there was an excellent relationship between the Unitarian founders of the college and the leaders of the tekke. However, after the foundation of
republic, Kemal Atatürk banned all Sufi orders and shut down the lodges in 1925.
Consequently, the Bektashi leadership moved to Albania and established their headquarters in the
city of Tirana.
It is interesting to note that, despite the negative effect of this ban on Bektashi culture, most Bektashis in Turkey have
been generally supportive of secularism to this day, since these reforms have relatively relaxed the religious intolerance that
had historically been shown against them by the official Sunni establishment.
In the Balkans the Bektashi order had a considerable impact on the Islamization of many areas, primarily Albania, Greece and
Bulgaria, as well as parts of Macedonia. By the 18th century Bektashism began to gain a
considerable hold over the population of southern Albania and northern Greece. Following the ban on Sufi orders in the Republic
of Turkey, the Bektashi community's headquarters was moved from Hacıbektaş in central
Anatolia to Tirana, Albania. In Albania the Bektashi community declared its separation from the Sunni community and they were
recognized ever after as a distinct Islamic sect rather than a branch of Sunni Islam, as are most other Sufi orders. Bektashism
continued to flourish until the Second World War. After the communists took power in 1945, several babas and dervishes were
executed and a gradual constriction of Bektashi influence began. Ultimately, in 1967 all tekkes were shut down when
Enver Hoxha banned all religious practice. When this ban was rescinded in 1990, the
Bektashism reestablished itself, although there were few left with any real knowledge of the spiritual path. Nevertheless many
tekkes (lodges) operate today in Albania. The current head of the order in Albania is Haji Reshat Bardhi Dedebaba and the
main tekke has been reopened in Tirana. Approximately 20% of Albanians identify themselves as having some connection to
the Bektashis. Following the post-communist rise of Sunni Islam in the country (mainly supported by non-Albanian Islamic circles)
Bektashi community became the target of vandalism and threats of violence.
There are also important Bektashi communities among the Albanian communities of Macedonia and Kosovo, the most important being the Harabati Baba
Tekke in the city of Tetovo, which was until recently under the guidance of Baba Tahir Emini
(1941-2006). Following the death of Baba Tahir Emini, the dedelik of Tirana appointed Baba Edmond Brahimaj (Baba Mondi),
formerly head of the Turan Tekke of Korçë, to oversee the Harabati Baba Tekke. A smaller Bektashi
tekke, the Dikmen Baba Tekkesi, is in operation in the Turkish-speaking town of Kanatlarci, Macedonia. In Kosovo the relatively small Bektashi community has a tekke in the town of
Ðakovica and is under the leadership of Baba Mumin Lama.
Bektashis continue to be active in Turkey and their semi-clandestine organizations can be found in Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir. There are currently two rival claimants to the dedebaba
in Turkey: Mustafa Eke and Haydar Ercan.
A large functioning Bektashi tekke was also established in the United States in 1954 by
Baba Rexheb. This tekke is found in the Detroit suburb of Taylor and the tomb
(turbe) of Baba Rexheb continues to draw pilgrims of all faiths.
It has also been widely believed that the controversial 17th century Jewish Messiah
Sabbatai Zevi was greatly influenced by Bektashi sufis after his apostasy to Islam. His
tomb in the Montenegrin town of Ulcinj is still venerated by
local Muslims.
Poetry and literature
Poetry plays an important role in the transmission of Bektashi spirituality. Several important Ottoman-era poets were
Bektashis, and Yunus Emre, the most acclaimed poet of Turkish language, is generally recognized as a subscriber to the Bektashi order.
A poem from Bektashi poet Balım Sultan (d.922 AH/1516 CE)
- İstivayi özler gözüm,
- Seb'al-mesani'dir yüzüm,
- Ana'l-Hakk'i söyler sözüm,
- Miracimiz dardir bizim,
- Haber aldik muhkemattan,
- Geçmeyiz zattan sifattan,
- Balım nihan söyler Hakk'tan,
- İrşadimiz sirdir bizim.
- "My eye seeks out repose;
- my face is the 'oft repeated seven (i.e. the Surat al-Fatiha).
- My words proclaim 'I am the Truth';
- Our ascension is (by means of) the scaffold.
- We have become aware through the 'firm letters';
- We will not abandon essence or attributes.
- Balim speaks arcanely of God;
- Our teaching is a mystery."[1]
Bektashi jokes
The Bektashi order is a Sufi religious order (Tarika) and
folk figure, the butt of common jokes, anecdotes, or stories in some Islamic societies, particularly in Turkey. In these stories, the
Bektashi acts as a free thinker and lives beyond the rules of institutional Islam and in that
manner challenges the values of the society and popular perception of Islam. In these jokes, the Bektashi are generally referred
to as Baba Erenler (Wise fathers, plural (ler) showing respect).
See also
External links
Notes
- ^ Algar, Hamid. The
Hurufi Influence on Bektashism: Bektachiyya, Estudés sur l'ordre mystique des Bektachis et les groupes relevant de Hadji
Bektach. Istambul: Les Éditions Isis, p. 39-53.
Citations
- Nicolle, David; UK (1995). The Janissaries (5th). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-413-X.
- Muhammed Seyfeddin Ibn Zulfikari Derviş Ali; Bektaşi İkrar Ayini, Kalan Publishing, Translated from Ottoman Turkish by Mahir
Ünsal Eriş, Ankara, 2007 Turkish)
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