| Places of articulation |
|---|
|
• Labial |
| Bilabial |
| Labial-velar |
| Labial-alveolar |
| Labiodental |
|
• Bidental |
|
• Coronal |
| Linguolabial |
| Interdental |
| Dental |
| Denti-alveolar |
| Alveolar |
| Apical |
| Laminal |
| Postalveolar |
| Alveolo-palatal |
| Retroflex |
|
• Dorsal |
| Palatal |
| Labial-palatal |
| Velar |
| Uvular |
| Uvular-epiglottal |
|
• Radical |
| Pharyngeal |
| Epiglotto-pharyngeal |
| Epiglottal |
|
• Glottal |
|
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Bidental consonants, pronounced with both the lower and upper teeth, are normally found only in speech pathology. The Extensions to the IPA symbol is both a superscript and a subscript bridge, [ ̪͆].
Besides interdental consonants such as [n̪͆], which involve the tongue, there is at least one confirmed attestation of a true bidental consonant in normal language. The Black Sea sub-dialect of the Shapsug dialect of Adyghe has a bidental non-sibilant fricative where other dialects have [x], such as xə "six" and daxə "pretty". Therefore it might best be transcribed phonemically as /x̪͆/. However, there is no frication at the velum. The teeth themselves are the only constriction: "The lips [are] fully open, the teeth clenched and the tongue flat, the air passing between the teeth; the sound is intermediate between ʃ and f" (L&M 1996:144-145). This can be transcribed phonetically as [h̪͆], since [h] has no place of articulation of its own.
The Extensions to the IPA specify one other purely bidental consonant sound, the bidental percussive.
References
- Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
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