The bond market, also known as the debt, credit, or fixed income market, is a financial market where participants buy and sell debt securities usually in the form of bonds. The size of the
international bond market is an estimated $45 trillion of which the size of outstanding U.S. bond market debt is $25.2 trillion.
[1]
Nearly all of the $923 billion average daily trading volume in the U.S. Bond Market [2] takes place
between broker-dealers and large institutions in a decentralized, over-the-counter (OTC) market. However, a small number of bonds, mainly corporate, are listed
on exchanges.
References to the "bond market" usually refer to the government bond market because
of its size, liquidity, lack of credit risk and therefore, sensitivity to interest rates. Because of the inverse relationship between bond
valuation and interest rates, the bond market is often used to indicate changes in interest rates or the shape of the
yield curve.
Market structure
Bond markets in most countries remain decentralized and lack common exchanges like stock, future and commodity markets. This has occurred, in part, because no two bond issues are exactly alike, and the
number of different securities outstanding is far larger.
However, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the largest centralized bond
market, representing mostly corporate bonds. The NYSE migrated from the Automated Bond System (ABS) to the NYSE Bonds trading
system in April 2007 and expects the number of traded issues to increase from 1000 to 6000. [3]
Types of bond markets
The Securities Industry and Financial Markets
Association classifies the broader bond market into five specific bond markets.
- Corporate
- Government & Agency
- Municipal
- Mortgage Backed, Asset Backed, and Collateralized Debt Obligation
- Funding
Bond market participants
Bond market participants are similar to participants in most financial markets and
are essentially either buyers (debt issuer) of funds or sellers (institution) of funds and often both.
Participants include:
Because of the specificity of individual bond issues, and the lack of liquidity in many smaller issues, the majority of
outstanding bonds are held by institutions like pension funds, banks and mutual funds. In the United States, approximately 10% of the market is currently held by private individuals.
Bond market volatility
For market participants who own a bond, collect the coupon and hold it to maturity, market volatility is irrelevant; principal
and interest are received according to a pre-determined schedule.
But participants who buy and sell bonds before maturity are exposed to many risks, most importantly changes in interest rates.
When interest rates increase (decrease), the value of existing bonds fall (rise), since new issues pay a higher (lower) yield.
This is the fundamental concept of bond market volatility: changes in bond prices are inverse to changes in interest rates.
Fluctuating interest rates are part of a country's monetary policy and bond market
volatility is a response to expected monetary policy and economic changes.
Economist's consensus views of economic indicators versus actual released data
contribute to market volatility. A tight consensus is generally reflected in bond prices and there is little price movement in
the market after the release of "in-line" data. If the economic release differs from the consensus view the market usually
undergoes rapid price movement as participants interpret the data. Uncertainty (as measured by a wide consensus) generally brings
more volatility before and after an economic release. Economic releases vary in importance and impact depending on where the
economy is in the business cycle.
Bond investments
Investment companies allow individual investors the ability to participate in the
bond markets through bond funds, closed-end funds and
unit-investment trusts. In 2006 total bond fund net inflows increased 97% from
$30.8 billion in 2005 to $60.8 billion in 2006. [4] Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are another
alternative to trading or investing directly in a bond issue. These securities allow individual investors the ability to overcome
large initial and incremental trading sizes.
Bond indices
-
A number of bond indices exist for the purposes of managing portfolios and measuring performance, similar to the
S&P 500 or Russell Indexes for stocks. The most common American benchmarks are the Lehman
Aggregate, Citigroup BIG and Merrill
Lynch Domestic Master. Most indices are parts of families of broader indices that can be used to measure global bond
portfolios, or may be further subdivided by maturity and/or sector for managing specialized portfolios.
See also
Notes
External links
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Bond market |
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| Types of bonds by issuer |
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| Types of bonds by payout |
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| Derivatives |
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| Pricing |
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| Yield analysis |
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| Credit and spread analysis |
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| Interest rate models |
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