| Brazil | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Nuclear program start date | 1970s[1] |
| Uranium reserves | 309,370 tons[2] |
| Uranium enrichment capacity | 329,000 SWU[2] |
| Uranium processing capacity | 432.5 t HM/year[2] |
Based on the history of Brazil, it is believed that the country does not possess any weapons of mass destruction. Although a covert nuclear weapons program was pursued by Brazil under a military government in the 1970s, it ended with the rise of an elected government in 1985. José Sarney (President 1985-1990) is reported to have stated that the previous military dictatorship had gone as far as preparing a nuclear weapon test site.
Brazil is among the powers which possess the ability to create nuclear weapons but has agreed not to do so (under the terms of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as reaffirmed by the Two Plus Four Treaty). Brazil has a program to produce enriched uranium for power plants using Zippe-type centrifuges, officially opening the Resende enrichment plant in May 2006[3]. Brazil's enrichment technology development, and the plant itself, involved substantial discussions with the IAEA and its constituent nations. The dispute came down to whether IAEA representatives (many from countries with their own commercial enrichment programs) would be allowed to inspect the machines themselves. The Brazilian authorities, at first, did not allow the inspection of the centrifugal machines, arguing that this would reveal technological secrets (probably relating to the use of electromagnetic levitation instead of fragile and unreliable bearings to allow the rotor to spin in place).
The Brazilian authorities said that, as Brazil is not part of any axis of evil, the pressure for full access to inspection - even in universities - could be construed as an attempt to pirate industrial secrets[4]. They also claimed that their technology is better than that of the USA and France, mainly because the centrifugal axis is not mechanical, but electromagnetic. Eventually, after extensive negotiations, agreement was reached that while not directly inspecting the centrifuges, the IAEA would inspect the composition of the gas entering and leaving the centrifuge. US Secretary of State, Colin Powell, stated in 2004 that he was "sure" that Brazil had no plans to develop nuclear weapons[5].
If Brazil decided to pursue a nuclear weapon, the centrifuges at the Resende plants could easily be reconfigured to produce enough highly enriched uranium to make a bomb quite quickly - possibly around six bombs per year[6]. Brazil wishes to develop a nuclear submarine fleet, and in 2007 authorised the construction of a prototype submarine propulsion reactor[7].
Contents |
Facilities
Aramar Experimental Center
23°23′49″S 47°36′04″W / 23.397°S 47.601°W
The Aramar Experimental Center (Portuguese: Centro Experimental de Aramar) located in Iperó in the State of São Paulo, was inaugurated in 1988 as the first uranium-only enrichment plant in Brazil. The facility is run by the Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) and the Brazilian Navy. In addition to the Centrifuge Enrichment Plant, the facility also hosts an Isotopic Enrichment Laboratory and several Small Nuclear Centers (Portuguese: Pequenas Centrais Nucleares, or PCNs). The enrichment laboratories are under the National Safeguards control and national inspections are carried out by the Safeguards Division of CNEN.[8]
Cachimbo Test Site
9°18′17″S 54°56′47″W / 9.3047°S 54.9464°W
The Cachimbo test site, officially named Brigadeiro Velloso Test Site (Portuguese: Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso), is located in the State of Pará and covers 45,000 square kilometres, an area larger than the Netherlands. It is within this military area that a 320 meters-deep hole at the Cachimbo Mountain Range was site for nuclear explosives tests. The shaft has been public knowledge since 1986 and was allegedly abandoned in September 1990, when President Fernando Collor de Mello used a small shovel to symbolically seal up the hole.[9]
Army's Technology Center (Guaratiba)
23°00′45″S 43°33′50″W / 23.0124°S 43.5639°W
The Army's Technology Center (Portuguese: Centro Tecnológico do Exército, or CETEx) located in Guaratiba in the State of Rio de Janeiro is the site of the plutonium-producing reactor facility, known as 'The Atlantic Project', managed by the Brazilian Army's Special Projects Institute – IPE. Reports indicate that the gas-graphite reactor would be capable of producing plutonium for atomic bombs.[10]
Air Force Technological Center (São José dos Campos)
23°12′44″S 45°52′30″W / 23.212290°S 45.875120°W
The Air Force Technological Center (Portuguese: Centro de Tecnologia da Aeronautica, or CTA) is a research facility located in São José dos Campos, in the State of São Paulo where nuclear research is also conducted.[11]
Resende (Engenheiro Passos) Nuclear Fuel Factory
22°30′14″S 44°38′46″W / 22.504°S 44.646°W
The Resende Nuclear Fuel Facility (Portuguese: Fábrica de Combustíveis Nucleares, or FCN) is a nuclear enrichment facility located in Resende, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The plant is managed by the Nuclear Industries of Brazil (Portuguese: Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil, or INB) and by the Brazilian Navy. Currently the plant produces enough HEU for 26 to 31 implosion type warheads.[12] [13]
Legislation and conventions
Brazil's 1988 Constitution states in Article 21 that "all nuclear activity within the national territory shall only be admitted for peaceful purposes and subject to approval by the National Congress".[14]
Brazil acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty on September 18, 1998, ratified the Geneva Protocol on 28 August 1970, the Biological Weapons Convention on 27 February 1973 and the Chemical Weapons Convention on 13 March 1996.
Brazil signed the Treaty of Tlatelolco in 1967, making Brazil a nuclear-weapon-free zone.
Brazil is also an active participant in the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, multinational agencies concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development.
Technological capability
On September 5, 2009, an article[1] in the online version of Jornal do Brasil reported that a researcher at the Military Engineering Institute (Instituto Militar de Engenharia, IME), had managed to derive mathematical models that simulate the behaviour of an W87 thermonuclear device. His thesis, titled Numerical simulation of thermonuclear detonations in fission-fusion hybrid settings, is kept secret, but derives from confidential material leaked accidentally by an US magazine in August 1999.
Insight magazine had reported on a Congressional investigation of Chinese espionage and inadvertently published a photo of a page of data that were supposed to remain classified. At the time, Samuel Cohen, the inventor of the neutron bomb, was alarmed and testified to the US Congress that a clever physicist could use the data to reverse engineer the device. According to the report, this was exactly what the Brazilian physicist, Dalton Barroso, did. His calculations even matched accurately the explosive potency of 300 kilotons of the W87 device, and that, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Defence, essentially means Brazil now knows how to make an H-bomb if it chooses to do so.
Although the thesis is classified, Barroso published a book which includes much of its contents (A Física dos explosivos nucleares, which translates as The Physics behind nuclear explosives) and sparked acrimony between IAEA and the Brazilian government. Barroso sustains that "the book is not nuclear terrorism for dummies".
See also
- Angra Nuclear Power Plant
- National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN)
- Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (ABACC)
- Argentinian nuclear weapons program
References
- ^ Brazil's Nuclear Milestones - 1955-2004 Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control. Retrieved on 2009-02-01.
- ^ a b c Brazil's Nuclear Sites Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control. Retrieved on 2009-02-01.
- ^ BBC News: Brazil joins world's nuclear club
- ^ Jornal da Ciência (In Portuguese)
- ^ BBC News: US 'sure' of Brazil nuclear plans
- ^ How Brazil Spun the Atom
- ^ Sarah Diehl and Eduardo Fujii (March 2008), Brazil’s Pursuit of a Nuclear Submarine Raises Proliferation Concerns, WMD Insights, http://www.wmdinsights.com/I23/I23_LA1_BrazilPursuit.htm, retrieved 2008-03-27
- ^ WMD Facilities: Aramar Experimental Center, Iperó
- ^ WMD Facilities: Cachimbo
- ^ WMD Facilities: Guaratiba
- ^ WMD Facilities: São José dos Campos
- ^ WMD Facilities: Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory (FCN)
- ^ INB Activities on the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
- ^ Constitution of Brazil: Article 21; XXIII; a V-Brazil. Retrieved on 2009-09-06
External links
Official sites
- Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil Brazilian Nuclear Industries (English)
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear Center of Nuclear Technology Development (English)
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas Nucleares National Nuclear Energy Research Institute (Portuguese)
- Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear Nuclear Engineering Institute (Portuguese)
- Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares Central-West Nuclear Sciences Regional Center (Portuguese)
- Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear National Nuclear Energy Commission (Portuguese)
- Eletronuclear Manages Brazil's nuclear power plants (Portuguese)
- Associação Brasileira de Energia Nuclear Brazilian Association of Nuclear Energy (Portuguese)
- Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (English) (Portuguese) (Spanish)
- Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso Cachimbo Test Site (Portuguese)
- Comando-Geral de Tecnologia Aeroespacial Brazilian Army - Aerospace Technology General-Command (Portuguese)
Scientific sites
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