Britches (born March 1985) was the name given by researchers to a stump-tailed macaque monkey born into a breeding colony at the University of California, Riverside (UCR). He was removed from his mother at birth, had his eyelids sewn shut, and had an electronic sonar device attached to his head as part of a three-year sensory-deprivation study involving 24 infant monkeys.[2]
Acting on a tip-off from a student, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) removed Britches from the laboratory on April 20, 1985, when he was five weeks old.[1] The raid also saw the removal of 467 mice, cats, opossums, pigeons, rabbits, and rats, and a reported $700,000-worth of damage to equipment.[3] A spokesman for the university said that allegations of animal mistreatment were "absolutely false," and that there would be long-term damage to research projects, including those aimed at developing treatment for the blind.[4]
Contents |
The study
The experiments, conducted by psychologist David H. Warren,[5] were designed to study the behavioral and neural development of monkeys reared with a sensory substitution device. [6][7]
Five groups of four macaques were to be raised from birth to three months, and one group to six months, blinded while wearing a Trisensor Aid (TSA), an experimental version of a blind travel aid, the Sonicguide. Other control groups were to wear the device with normal vision, or wear a dummy device with no vision. At the end of the experiment, the monkeys were to be killed, and the visual, auditory and motor areas in their brains would be studied.[5]
According to PETA's president Ingrid Newkirk, based on papers found in the lab by the ALF, the UCR researchers wrote that performing this study by artificially blinding the monkeys was necessary because "sufficient numbers of blind human infants [to study] were not within driving distance" of Riverside, and because the experimenters did not wish to be inconvenienced by the normal household routines if forced to work with blind children living at home.[8]
The raid
Newkirk writes that the ALF was alerted to the laboratory's work by a student who had reported the Britches' situation to an animal protection group, Last Chance for Animals. An ALF contact volunteering there heard the complaint, and approached the student for more information.[9]
On April 21, 1985, ALF activists, including Sally S, a businesswoman in her mid-30s,[10] broke into the laboratory and removed Britches along with around 467 other animals, taking footage of the raid, which they handed anonymously to PETA.[11]
Activists say they found Britches alone in a cage with bandages around his eyes and a sonar device called a Trisensor aid attached to his head. The device emitted a high-pitched noise every few minutes. He was clinging to a device covered in towelling that had two fake nipples attached, apparently intended to serve as a surrogate mother. He was handed to an ALF volunteer, a woman, who drove him from California to Utah, where he was examined by a retired pediatrician.
According to UCR officials, the ALF also smashed equipment resulting in nearly $700,000-worth of damage. Theodore Hullar, UCR's executive vice chancellor, said that research had been set back years.[12]
Medical report
Veterinarian ophthalmologist Dr. Ned Buyukmihci of the University of California, Davis, and founder of Veterinarians for Animal Rights, examined Britches after he was removed from the lab. He stated that the sutures used were too large and that the monkey's eye pads were filthy. He said: "There is no possible justification for this sloppy, painful experiment."[1] Bettina Flavioli, a retired pediatrician, also examined Britches and recorded her report on video:
Attached to infant's head by means of bandage and tape is an apparatus of some sort with what appears to be some sort of electrical cord extending from it. It has been cut. Bilaterally are short lengths of tubing emerging from the bandage. Tape is in direct contact with the face and neck. Bandage lifted rostrally from right eye due to excessive moisture and right eye partially visible.
Beneath the bandages are two cotton pads, one for each eye ... Both pads are filthy and soaked with moisture. Bilaterally upper eyelids are sutured to lower eyelids. The sutures are grossly oversized for the purpose intended. Many of these sutures have torn through lid tissue resulting in multiple lacerations of the lids. There is an open space between upper and lower lids of both eyes of about one quarter inch, and sutures are contacting corneal tissue resulting in excessive tearing ...
Infant demonstrates photophobia. Penis of infant is edematous and inflamed. There are smegma accumulations. Generalized muscle development poor. Skin dry. Body odor foul.[1]
Reaction
PETA released a film called Britches that included footage from the raid and the ALF's treatment of the monkey afterwards.[1][13] The film prompted criticism of the experiments from other scientists and the American Council of the Blind. Dr. Grant Mack, president of the Council, called it "one of the most repugnant and ill-conceived boondoggles that I've heard about for a long time."[14]
A UCR spokesman said allegations of animal mistreatment were "absolutely false," and that there would be long-term damage to some of the research projects.[4] Researchers alleged that activists had applied black paint or mascara to the monkey's eyelids to make the sutures look larger than they were, and that damage reported by an ALF veterinarian to the eyelids had been caused by the veterinarian himself. The researchers also said that the Trisensor Aid had been removed and reattached by the ALF.[8]
The raid prompted the head of the National Institutes of Health to say that "thefts" of laboratory animals by animal rights groups could be considered acts of "terrorism," and may require enactment of federal laws.[15] Sally Sperling, a psychologist working in the lab that was raided, told the American Psychological Association's Monitor on Psychology: "I can't describe in detail how [the lab] looked when I first saw it after the crime — the images are etched into my mind with acid ... My lab was my haven and refuge for eighteen years. Even when my experiment wasn't going well or the equipment was acting up, I wanted to be in my lab and missed it badly when I wasn't there. Now, I barely can make myself open the door.[16]
As a result of the ensuing publicity, eight of the 17 studies interrupted by the raid were not restarted, and the university stopped allowing infant monkeys' eyes to be sewn shut, according to reports filed by the university with the government.[17][18] The NIH conducted an eight-month investigation into the animal care program at UC-Riverside and concluded it was an "appropriate" program, and that no corrective action was necessary.[19]
A primatologist arranged for the monkey to be socialized by a number of handlers.[20] When he was five months old, he was flown to a sanctuary in Mexico, where he was given to an elderly female macaque who had already raised several orphans.[1]
See also
- Neuroplasticity
- Pit of despair
- Primate experimentation at Cambridge University
- Silver Spring monkeys
- Unnecessary Fuss
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f "The Story of Britches": Videotape of the Animal Liberation Front raid in which Britches was removed from the University of California, Riverside.
- ^ See Newkirk, Ingrid. Free the Animals, Lantern Books, 2000, pp. 271-294; "Abstract: Trisensor rearing with infant macaques", Crisp; and Behav Neurosci. 1987 Oct;101(5):738-41.
- ^ Franklin, Ben A. " Going to Extremes for 'Animal Rights'", The New York Times, August 30, 1987.
- ^ a b "Group Says It 'Rescued' 260 Animals From Lab," Associated Press, April 21, 1985.
- ^ a b "Abstract: Trisensor rearing with infant macaques", Crisp.
- ^ Behav Neurosci. 1987 Oct;101(5):738-41: "The ability of neonate macaque monkeys to learn to respond to artificial spatial sensory information was studied through the use of compact, head-worn, electronic spatial sonars with audible displays, which translate spatial information into auditory dimensions specifying distance, direction, and surface characteristics. Three animals were born in the dark and raised without vision for 1 to 3 months while wearing either the Binaural Sensory Aid (Animal 1; Kay, 1974) or the Trisensor (Animals 2 and 3; Easton & Jackson, 1983) airborne sonars. Each animal demonstrated alertness to information transmitted by the devices in spontaneous reaching or reinforced discrimination tasks, and more device-related, perceptual-motor activities were observed when the sensors were switched on than when they were switched off. The results show that neonate monkeys can learn effective use of information obtained from sensory substitution devices through unstructured interaction with the environment.
- ^ Seeing with Sound
- ^ a b Newkirk, Ingrid. Free the Animals, Lantern Books, 2000, p. 288.
- ^ Newkirk, Ingrid. Free the Animals, Lantern Books, 2000, p. 274.
- ^ Steinbach, Alice. "Whose Life is more Important: An Animal's or a Child's," Glamour magazine, 1990.
- ^
- "NIH reauthorization and protection of health facilities;: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce," Washington 1991, reported that 468 were taken: one monkey, nine opossums, 24 cats, 31 pigeons, 41 rabbits, 56 rats, and 306 mice.
- The Chicago Tribune initially reported that 260 animals had been taken (April 21, 1985, p. 20.), later reporting 467 (April 28, 1985).
- The New York Times reported 460 (Franklin, Ben A. " Going to Extremes for 'Animal Rights'", The New York Times, August 30, 1987).
- Deborah Blum reported 460 (Blum, Deborah. The Monkey Wars, Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 116).
- ^ "Raid on animal lab 'sets back' research", Chicago Tribune, Apr 22, 1985, p. 10.
- ^ Phelps, Norm. The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to PETA. Lantern Books, 2007, p. 292.
- ^ Newkirk, Ingrid. Free the Animals, Lantern Books, 2000, p. 288, 294. Also see Best, Steven & Nocella, Anthony J. Terrorist or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals. Lantern Books, 2004, p. 22.
- ^ "Crackdown urged in animal thefts", Chicago Tribune, April 26, 1985, p. 8.
- ^ Sperling, Sally. Monitor on Psychology cited in Newkirk 2000, pp. 290-291.
- ^ Newkirk, Ingrid. Free the Animals, Lantern Books, 2000, p. 294.
- ^ Best, Steven & Nocella, Anthony J. Terrorist or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals. Lantern Books, 2004, p. 22.
- ^ Holden, Constance. "A pivotal year for lab animal welfare", Science 11 April 1986 232:249
- ^ Newkirk, Ingrid. Free the Animals, Lantern Books, 2000, p. 292.
Further reading
- David H. Warren's page at U.C. Riverside
- Warren, David H. and Strelow, Edward R. Electronic Spatial Sensing for the Blind. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Visual Spatial Prosthesis for the Blind. Held at Lake Arrowhead, California, September 10-13, 1984. Springer, 1985.
- Khan, Ali Yousaf Ali. "Angels of Mercy", Channel 4, June 24, 2006; includes footage of Britches.
- Mann, Keith. From Dawn 'Til Dusk. Puppy Pincher Press, 2007; features Britches on the front cover.
- "NIH Reauthorization and Protection of Health Facilities: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce," Washington 1991.
- "Pro-Animal ALF Flouts Law in Name of Compassion," Sacramento Bee, February 15, 1998.
- Philadelphia Inquirer, p. A10, April 22, 1985.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External links
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
