butterfly bush

Buddleja
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Scrophulariaceae
Tribe:	Buddlejeae[1]
Genus:	Buddleja L.
Type species
Buddleja americana L., 1753[2]
Species
About 100 species, including: Buddleja albiflora Buddleja alternifolia Buddleja americana Buddleja asiatica Buddleja auriculata Buddleja australis Buddleja bhutanica Buddleja brasiliensis Buddleja candida Buddleja colvilei Buddleja crispa Buddleja crotonoides Buddleja curviflora Buddleja davidii Buddleja delavayi Buddleja fallowiana Buddleja Xfarquharii Buddleja Xfarquharii Buddleja farreri Buddleja forrestii Buddleja globosa Buddleja indica Buddleja Xintermedia Buddleja japonica Buddleja lindleyana Buddleja madagascariensis Buddleja marrubiifolia Buddleja myriantha Buddleja nivea Buddleja officinalis Buddleja paniculata = B. crispa[3] Buddleja parviflora Buddleja pulchella Buddleja racemosa Buddleja saligna Buddleja salviifolia Buddleja scordioides Buddleja sessiliflora Buddleja stenostachya Buddleja sterniana Buddleja tubiflora Buddleja utahensis Buddleja yunnanensis

Buddleja, often spelled Buddleia (pronounced /ˈbʌdliː.ə/),^[4] is a genus of flowering plants. It is now included in the Scrophulariaceae, though in the past was previously classified in either the Loganiaceae or in a family of its own, the Buddlejaceae. The plant was named after the Reverend Adam Buddle who was a botanist and a rector in Essex, England.

The roughly 100 species are mostly shrubs, a few being trees; the largest species reach 30 m (98 ft) tall, but most species rarely exceed 5 m (16 ft) tall. Both evergreen and deciduous species occur. They are native throughout the warmer parts of the New World from the southern United States south to Chile, and widely in the Old World in Africa and the warmer parts of Asia, but absent as natives from Europe and Australasia. The species are divided into two groups based on their floral type, those in the New World being dioecious, and those in the Old World being monoecious.

The leaves are lanceolate in most species, and arranged in opposite pairs on the stems (alternate in one species, B. alternifolia); they range from 1–30 cm (0.39–12 in) long. The flowers are produced in dense panicles 10–50 cm (3.9–20 in) long; each individual flower is tubular, about 1 cm (0.39 in) long, with the corolla divided into four spreading lobes (petals), about 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) across. Flower colour varies widely, with white, pink, red, purple, orange or yellow flowers produced by different species and cultivars; they are rich in nectar and often strongly scented. The fruit is a small capsule about 1 cm long and 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) diameter, containing numerous small seeds; in a few species (previously classified in the separate genus Nicodemia) the capsule is soft and fleshy, forming a berry.

Cultivation and uses

Several species are popular garden plants, The species are commonly known as butterfly bush due to their attractiveness to butterflies; they are also attractive to bees and moths. Some species of Buddleja with red flowers are also attractive to hummingbirds.

The most popular cultivated species is Buddleja davidii from central China, named after the French naturalist Père Armand David. Other common garden species include Buddleja globosa from southern Chile, grown for its strongly honey-scented orange globular flower-heads, and Buddleja alternifolia with lilac coloured flowers. Several interspecific hybrids can also be found, including B. X weyeriana (B. globosa X B. davidii).

Some species are commonly found as escapees from the garden. B. davidii in particular is a great coloniser of dry open ground; in towns in the United Kingdom, it often self-sows on waste ground or old masonry, where it grows into a dense thicket, and it is listed as an invasive species in many areas. It is frequently seen beside railway lines, on derelict factory sites and after the Second World War on urban bomb sites.

B. davidii - urban invasive species

Popular garden varieties of Buddleja include "Royal Red" with pink-red flowers, "Black Knight" with dark navy blue flowers, "Sungold" with golden yellow flowers and "Pink Delight" with pastel pink coloured flowers. In recent years, much breeding work has been undertaken to create more compact buddleja plants, the most recent of which is the production of a dwarf variety Lo & Behold(TM) "Blue Chip"(TM) that reaches no more than 2-3ft tall.

Monarch Butterfly feeding on a buddleja flower, Connecticut, United States

Buddleja davidii flowers with Painted Lady, Peacock and (underneath) Small Tortoiseshell butterflies

Close-up of purple Buddleja flowers

opening white Buddleja flowers in Igarata, Brazil

Several species are popular garden plants, The species are commonly known as Butterfly Bush due to their attractiveness to butterflies; they are also attractive to bees and moths. Some species of Buddleja with red flowers are also attractive to hummingbirds.

Nomenclature

The botanic name has been the source of some confusion. By the usual practice of botanical Latin, the spelling of a genus name made from "Buddle" would be "Buddleia". However, Linnaeus wrote it down as "Buddleja", and never changed it, so by the rule of naming priority, "Buddleja" should be preferred, though the i/j interchange could be modernized as an orthographical variant. Even so, the usage is confused, and inconsistencies are common, even within single texts.

References

Stuart David D. (2006) Buddlejas Royal Horticultural Society Plant Collector Guide. Timber Press ISBN 978-88192-688-0.

See also

• List of Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on Buddleja

External links

• Media related to Buddleja at Wikimedia Commons
• Buddleja globosa pictures from Chilebosque.
• Reference to nomenclature issue
• Using Butterfly Bush in the Landscape