Cabal

 

(kəbăl') , inner group of advisers to Charles II of England. Their initials form the word (which is, however, of older origin)—Clifford of Chudleigh, Ashley (Lord Shaftesbury), Buckingham (George Villiers), Arlington (Henry Bennet), and Lauderdale (John Maitland). Although they were never a working ministry, one or more of this group dominated court policy from 1667 through 1673.

Bibliography

See study by M. Lee (1965).

The Cabal was a group of high councillors who held power in England from 1668 to approximately 1674.

Members and Rise to Power

Following the end of the Clarendon Ministry in 1667, conduct of the government of Charles II fell to a group that came to be known as the Cabal. This group consisted of five Privy Councillors (Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale) who formed the council's Committee for Foreign Affairs. Through that committee and their own offices, the five members were able to direct government policy both at home and abroad. The notion of an organised group in government, as opposed to a single royal favourite holding clear power, was seen by many as a threat to the authority of the throne. Others saw it as subverting the power of the Council or of Parliament, whilst Buckingham's close relationship with the King made the Cabal unpopular with some reformers. The title "Cabal"; resulted from the perception that they had conspired together in Clarendon's fall and prosecution, and in its increasingly secretive conduct of government, and was helped by the fact that the initial letters of their names could be arranged to form CABAL as an acronym. However, there were sharp ideological divisions between the five, ranging from the Parliamentary idealism of Ashley to the autocratic absolutism of Lauderdale.

Buckingham's only office was Master of the Horse, with responsibility for overseeing the King's travel arrangements; but he was in constant contact and clear favour with the King, and he was the centre of the Cabal's grip on power. Between them, Arlington and Lauderdale had, for several years, held two of the three Secretaryships of State, despite Clarendon's objections. Lauderdale now had an even freer hand in Scottish affairs and increased his standing at the Court, whilst Arlington took the leading role in foreign affairs. Though the Duke of Albemarle was First Lord of the Treasury Commission until his death in 1670, he had already retired from public life and Treasury matters were left to the other three commissioners: the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord Ashley; the Comptroller of the Household, Sir Thomas Clifford; and Ashley's deputy at the Exchequer, Sir John Duncombe. The role of Lord Chancellor was initially filled by Sir Orlando Bridgeman, the Royalist lawyer who had prosecuted the Regicides; but he only held office as Lord Keeper.

Fall from Power

The Cabal began to split in 1672, particularly over the autocratic nature of the King's Royal Declaration of Indulgence, the financing of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, and Britain's relationship with France. Personal rivalries and a conflict over foreign policy between Buckingham and Arlington escalated. The Ministry became very unpopular, characterised by arbitrary rule. Towards the end of the year, Ashley, now the Earl of Shaftesbury, became Lord Chancellor, leaving Treasury matters to Clifford and the Exchequer to Duncombe. He pressed publicly for greater reform of government, taking the side of the Opposition against his colleagues and the King. Clifford resigned over the in-fighting and retired from public life. Shaftesbury was replaced by Viscount Osborne, soon to become Earl of Danby, in the summer of 1673. Danby immediately established his authority over the remaining members of the Cabal. Buckingham's feud with Arlington saw him leak the details of the Treaty of Dover and fall from favour in 1674. Arlington survived as Southern Secretary until September of that year. Lauderale retained his position and his relatively autonomous power in Scotland, becoming an enemy of Shaftesbury. Shaftesbury began to agitate against Charles and his successor, James II; he briefly returned to government in the Privy Council Ministry and took a lead in forming the partisan group that would eventually become known as the Whigs.

The Ministry

These five members made up the "cabal" (Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, Lauderdale), which held most of the power within the government.

Office	Name	Term	Notes
Master of the Horse	The Duke of Buckingham	1668–1674
Southern Secretary	The Lord Arlington	1667–1674	appointed 1662; created Earl of Arlington in 1672
Chancellor of the Exchequer	The Lord Ashley	1667–1672	created Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672
Lord Chancellor		1672–1673
First Lord of Trade		1672–1674
Secretary of State for Scotland	The Earl of Lauderdale	1667–1674	created Duke of Lauderdale in 1672
Comptroller of the Household	Sir Thomas Clifford	1667–1672	created Baron Clifford of Chudleigh in 1672
Lord High Treasurer		1672–1673

The remaining members of the ministry, as would be expected, held less power than the cabal.

Office	Name	Term	Notes
Lord Keeper	Orlando Bridgeman, Bt.	1667–1674
First Lord of the Treasury	The Duke of Albemarle	1667–1670
Lord Privy Seal	The Lord Robartes	1667–1674	also Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1669–1670)
Northern Secretary	Sir William Morice, Bt.	1667–1668
	Sir John Trevor	1668–1672
	Henry Coventry	1672–1674
Chancellor of the Exchequer	Sir John Duncombe	1672–1674
Master-General of the Ordnance	In commission	1667–1670
	Sir Thomas Chicheley	1670–1674
Paymaster of the Forces	Sir Stephen Fox	1667–1674

Ministries of the 17th century
Charles II (1660-1685)
Clarendon Ministry | Cabal Ministry | First Danby ministry | Privy Council Ministry | First Rochester ministry | Godolphin Ministry
James II (1685-1688)
Second Rochester Ministry | Belasyse Ministry
William and Mary (1689-1694)
Carmarthen/Halifax Ministry | Carmarthen (Second Danby) Ministry
William III (1694-1702) First Whig Junto | Pembroke Ministry

British ministries

Clarendon, Cabal, First Danby, Privy Council, First Rochester, Godolphin, Second Rochester, Belasyse, Carmarthen/Halifax, Carmarthen, First Whig Junto, Pembroke, Coalition, Second Whig Junto, Harley, Townshend, First Stanhope/Sunderland, Second Stanhope/Sunderland, Walpole/Townshend, Walpole, Carteret, First Pelham, Bath/Granville, Second Pelham, First Newcastle, Pitt the Elder, 1757 Caretaker, Newcastle/Pitt, Newcastle/Pitt, Bute, Grenville, First Rockingham, Chatham, Grafton, North, Second Rockingham, Shelburne, Fox-North Coalition, First Pitt the Younger, Addington, Second Pitt the Younger, Ministry of All the Talents, Second Portland, Perceval, Liverpool, Canning, Goderich, First Wellington, Grey, First Melbourne, Wellington Caretaker, First Peel, Second Melbourne, Third Melbourne, Second Peel, First Russell, First Derby, Aberdeen, First Palmerston, Second Derby, Second Palmerston, Second Russell, Third Derby, First Disraeli, First Gladstone, Second Disraeli, Second Gladstone, First Salisbury, Third Gladstone, Second Salisbury, Fourth Gladstone, Rosebery, Third Salisbury/Balfour, Campbell-Bannerman, First Asquith, Second Asquith, Lloyd George, Bonar Law/First Baldwin, First MacDonald, Second Baldwin, Second MacDonald, First National, Second National, Third National, Fourth National, Chamberlain War, War Coalition, Churchill Caretaker, Attlee, Third Churchill/Eden, Macmillan/Douglas-Home, First Wilson, Heath, Second Wilson, Callaghan, Thatcher, Major, Blair, Brown

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