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Cebuella |
The Callitrichidae (synonym Hapalidae) is one of five families of New World monkeys. The family includes several genera, including the marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. For a few years, this group of animals was regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the Family Cebidae.
This taxon was traditionally thought to be a primitive stem lineage, from which all the larger bodied platyrrhines evolved (see Hershkovitz, 1977). However, Dr Susan Ford has argured quite convincingly that callitrichids are actually a dwarfed lineage. The ancestral callitrichid would likely have been a "normal" sized cebid that was dwarfed through evolutionary time. This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context, with the "islands" being formed by the extensive river networks in the Amazon Basin, which form effective biogeographic barriers.
All callitrichides are arboreal. They are the smallest of the anthropoid (i.e. simian) primates. They eat insects, fruit, and the sap or gum from trees; occasionally they will take small vertebrates. The marmosets rely quite heavily on exudates, with several species (Callithrix jacchus and Cebuella pygmaea) considered obligate exudativores.
Callitrichides typically live in small, territorial groups of about 5 or 6 animals. They are the only primate group that regularly produce twins, which constitute over 80% of births in species that have been studied. Unlike other male primates, male hapalines generally provide as much parental care as females, more in some cases. Typical social structure seems to constitute a breeding group, with several of their previous offspring living in the group and providing significant help in rearing the young.
Studies in captivity, and the first field studies, suggested that the breeding group was invariably a single monogamous pair; subsequent field work on Brown-mantled Tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis), has shown that many of the groups involve multiple males, and polyandry seems to be the commonest arrangement, though monogamous pairs do occur, and so, though rarely, does polygyny. In polyandrous groups, both (or all) the mature males regularly copulate with the female, and all contribute equally to parental care. It is now thought that this flexible system, with a tendency towards polyandry, may be the typical mating system among hapalines, though until field studies on more species have been completed any generalisation must be tentative.
Species list
- Family Callitrichidae
Emperor Tamarin (Saguinus imperator)
- Genus Cebuella
- Pygmy Marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea
- Genus Callibella
- Roosmalens' Dwarf Marmoset, Callibella humilis
- Genus Mico
- Silvery Marmoset, Mico argentatus
- Golden-white Bare-ear Marmoset, Mico leucippe
- Black-tailed Marmoset, Mico melanurus
- Aripuaña Marmoset, Mico intermedius
- Snethlage's Marmoset, Mico emiliae
- Black-headed Marmoset, Mico nigriceps
- Marca's Marmoset, Mico marcai
- Black-and-white Tassel-ear Marmoset, Mico humeralifer
- Golden-white Tassel-ear Marmoset, Mico chrysoleucus
- Maués Marmoset, Mico mauesi
- Satéré Marmoset, Mico saterei
- Manicoré Marmoset, Mico manicorensis
- Rio Acarí Marmoset, Mico acariensis
- Genus Callithrix
- Common Marmoset, Callithrix jacchus
- Black-tufted Marmoset, Callithrix penicillata
- Wied's Marmoset, Callithrix kuhlii
- White-headed Marmoset, Callithrix geoffroyi
- Buffy-tufted Marmoset, Callithrix aurita
- Buffy-headed Marmoset, Callithrix flaviceps
- Genus Callimico
- Goeldi's Marmoset, Callimico goeldii
- Genus Saguinus
- Black-mantled Tamarin, Saguinus nigricollis
- Brown-mantled Tamarin, Saguinus fuscicollis
- White-mantled Tamarin, Saguinus melanoleucus
- Golden-mantled Tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus
- Moustached Tamarin, Saguinus mystax
- White-lipped Tamarin, Saguinus labiatus
- Emperor Tamarin, Saguinus imperator
- Red-handed Tamarin, Saguinus midas
- Black Tamarin, Saguinus niger
- Mottle-faced Tamarin, Saguinus inustus
- Pied Tamarin, Saguinus bicolor
- Martins's Tamarin, Saguinus martinsi
- White-footed Tamarin, Saguinus leucopus
- Cottontop Tamarin, Saguinus oedipus
- Geoffroy's Tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi
- Genus Leontopithecus
- Golden Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia
- Golden-headed Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas
- Black Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus
- Superagui Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus caissara
- Genus Cebuella
References
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Wikispecies has information related to: Callitrichinae |
- ^ Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M.. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 129-136. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100179.
- ^ Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". in Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB. South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Bahavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23-54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (June 2009) |
- Goldizen, A. W. (1988). Tamarin and marmoset mating systems: Unusual flexibility. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 36-40.
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