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Canadian literature may be divided into two parts, based on their separate roots: one stems from the culture and
literature from France; the other from Britain. Each is written in the language of its originating culture. However, collectively
this literature has become distinctly Canadian.
Characteristics of Canadian literature
Canada’s literature, whether written in English or French, often reflects the Canadian perspective on: (1) nature, (2)
frontier life, and (3) Canada’s position in the world, all three of which tie in to the garrison mentality. Canada's ethnic and cultural diversity are reflected in its literature, with many
of its most prominent writers focusing on ethnic life.
- First, Canadian authors often emphasize the effect of climate and geography on people's lives.[citation needed]
- Second, frontier life as cultural myth is frequently observed, as many authors evoke the westward march across Canada. Others
document the drama in the lives of fishermen. The ever-present northern frontier is also widely used, with the constant expansion
in the Arctic. [citation needed]
- Third, many Canadian writers reflect upon Canada's position in the world. French Canadians often feel surrounded by their
English-speaking neighbours; they determinedly preserve their own institutions and culture. Similarly, English Canadians
frequently feel surrounded by the people and culture of the United States. Many novels and poems show how Canadian writers regard
such problems. [citation needed]
The problem of Canadian literature
Canadian identity is closely tied to its literature. Leon Surette writes, "a disproportionate
amount of commentary on Canadian writing has been cultural history (or prophecy) rather than truly literary commentary."
[citation needed]
Because of its size and breadth, Canadian literature is often divided into sub-categories. Traditionally, there are at least
three ways that critics and scholars have chosen to categorise Canadian literature:[citation needed]
- The most common is to categorize it by region or province.
- Another way is to categorize it by author. For instance, the literature of Canadian women, Acadians, Aboriginal peoples in Canada, and
Irish Canadians have been anthologize as bodies of work.
- A third is to divide it by literary period, such as "Canadian postmoderns" or "Canadian Poets Between the Wars."
Traits of Canadian literature
Traits common to works of Canadian literature include:[citation needed]
- Failure as a theme: Failure and futility feature heavily as themes in many notable works; for instance, Not Wanted on the Voyage by Timothy Findley or
Kamouraska by Anne
Hebert.
- Humour: Serious subject matter is often laced with humour. See also: Canadian
humour.
- Mild anti-Americanism: There is marked sentiment of anti-American often in the form
of gentle satire. While it is sometimes perceived as malicious, it often presents a friendly rivalry between the two nations
- Multiculturalism: Since World War Two, multiculturalism has been an important
theme. Writers using this theme include Mordecai Richler (known for novels such as
The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz), Margaret Laurence, Rohinton Mistry,
Michael Ondaatje -- The English
Patient-- and prolific Chinese Canadian writer Wayson Choy.
- Nature (and a "human vs. nature" tension): Reference to nature is common in Canada's literature. Nature is sometimes
portrayed like an enemy, and sometimes like a divine force.
- Satire and irony: Satire is probably one of the main elements of Canadian literature.
- Self-deprecation: This is common in Canadian literature, and reflects Canadian culture.
- Self-evaluation by the reader
- Search for Self-Identity: Some Canadian novels revolve around the theme of the search for one's identity and the need to
justify one's existence. A good example is Robertson Davies's Fifth Business, in which the main character Dunstan Ramsay searches for a new identity by leaving his
old town of Deptford.
- Southern Ontario Gothic: A sub-genre which critiques the stereotypical
Protestant mentality of Southern Ontario; many
of Canada's most internationally famous authors write in this style.
- The underdog hero: The most common hero of Canadian literature, an ordinary person who must overcome challenges from a large
corporation, a bank, a rich tycoon, a government, a natural disaster, and so on.
- Urban vs. rural: A variant of the underdog theme which involves a conflict between urban culture and rural culture, usually
portraying the rural characters as morally superior. Often, as in Stephen Leacock's
Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town or Alistair MacLeod's No Great Mischief, the simplicity
of rural living is lost in the city.
French-Canadian literature
French-Canadian literature evolved separately from English literature on a different
path. It was not appended to its parent culture, unlike its English counterpart; rather, the struggle of French Canada sought its
own style and identity. [citation needed] From the early settlements until the 1820s, Quebec had virtually no
literature. Though a few historians, journalists, and learned priests published, overall the total output was small.
It was the rise of Quebec patriotism and the 1837 Lower Canada Rebellion, in
addition to a modern system of primary school education, which led to the rise of French-Canadian fiction. L'influence d'un livre by Philippe-Ignace-Francois Aubert de Gaspé is widely regarded as the first
French-Canadian novel. The genres which first became popular were the rural novel and the historical novel. French authors were
influential, especially authors like Balzac.
In 1866, Father Henri-Raymond Casgrain became one of Quebec's first literary
theorists. He argued that literature's goal should be to project an image of proper Catholic
morality. Québécois authors adopted this view and wrote works which were considered bland. [citation needed] However, a few authors like
Louis-Honoré Fréchette and Arthur Buies broke the
conventions to write more interesting works.
This pattern continued until the 1930s with a new group of authors educated at the Université Laval and the Université de Montréal. Novels
with psychological and sociological foundations became the norm. Authors such as Gabrielle
Roy and Anne Hébert, for the first time, began to earn international acclaim. During
this period, Quebec theatre, which had previously been melodramas and comedies, became far more involved.
French-Canadian literature began to greatly expand with the turmoil of the Second World
War, the beginnings of industrialization in the 1950s, and most especially the Quiet
Revolution in the 1960s. French-Canadian literature also began to attract a great deal of attention globally, with
Acadian novelist Antonine Maillet winning the
Prix Goncourt. An experimental branch of Quebecois literature also developed; for instance
the poet Nicole Brossard wrote in a formalist style. In 1979, Roch Carrier wrote the story The Hockey Sweater, which
highlighted the cultural and social tensions between English and French speaking Canada.
See also: List of Quebec writers, Literature of Quebec, List of
French Canadian writers from outside Quebec
Contemporary Canadian literature: late 20th to 21st century
In the 1980s, Canadian literature began to be noticed around the world. [citation needed] By the 1990s, Canadian literature was viewed as some of the world's best,
and Canadian authors began to accumulate international awards. [1] In 1992, Michael Ondaatje became the first Canadian to win
the Booker Prize for The English Patient. Atwood won the Booker in 2000 for
The Blind Assassin and Yann Martel won it in 2002 for The Life of Pi.
Alistair MacLeod won the 2001 IMPAC Award for No Great Mischief. Carol Shields's The Stone Diaries won the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and in 1998 her novel Larry's Party won the
Orange Prize. Douglas Coupland has
also achieved significant success for his work, particularly Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture. Canadian poet Leonard
Cohen is perhaps best known as a folk singer and songwriter, with an international following.
Today Canadians still read much by foreign authors, but many Canadian books have been runaway best sellers.
Notable figures
-
Because Canada only officially became a country on July 1, 1867,
it has been argued that literature written before this time was colonial. For example, Susanna
Moodie and Catherine Parr Traill, English sisters who adopted the country
as their own, moved to Canada in 1832. They recorded their experiences as pioneers in Parr Traill's The Backwoods of
Canada (1836) and Canadian Crusoes (1852), and Moodie's Roughing It in the Bush (1852) and Life in the
Clearings (1853). However, both women wrote until their deaths, placing them in the country for more than 50 years and
certainly well past Confederation. Moreover, their books often dealt with survival and the rugged Canadian environment; these
themes re-appear in other Canadian works, including Margaret Atwood's Survival.
Moodie and Parr Traill's sister, Agnes Strickland, remained in England and wrote
elegant royal biographies, creating a stark contrast between Canadian and English literatures.
However, one of the earliest "Canadian" writers virtually always included in Canadian literary anthologies is Thomas Chandler Haliburton (1796–1865), who died just two years before Canada's official
birth. He is remembered for his comic character, Sam Slick, who appeared in The Clockmaker and other humorous works
throughout Haliburton's life.
Arguably, the best-internationally-known living Canadian writer (especially after the recent passing of Canadian greats,
Robertson Davies, Mordecai Richler and Timothy
Findley) is Margaret Atwood, a prolific novelist, poet, and literary critic. This group, along with Alice Munro, who has
been called the best living writer of short stories in English,[2] were the first to elevate Canadian Literature to the world stage. During the post-war decades only a
handful of books of any literary merit were published each year in Canada, and Canadian literature was viewed as an appendage to
British and American writing. Much of what was produced dealt with extremely typical Canadiana such as the outdoors and animals,
or events in Canadian history. A reaction against this tradition, poet Leonard Cohen's
novel Beautiful Losers (1966), was labelled by one reviewer "the most revolting
book ever written in Canada".[3] Most of what Canadians
read was written in the United States or Great Britain. Most of what was studied in Canadian schools and universities was also
foreign.
Awards
There are a number of notable Canadian awards for literature:
Awards For Children and Young Adult Literature:
See also
References
- ^ | Robert Fulford's column about the international success of Canadian literature
- ^ "For a long time Alice Munro has been compared with Chekhov; John Updike
would add Tolstoy, and AS Byatt would say Guy de Maupassant and Flaubert. Munro is often called the best living writer of short
stories in English; the words "short story" are frequently dropped." Riches
of a Double Life, Ada Edemariam, Guardian Online, retrieved 11 October 2006.
- ^ Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head? Tim de Lisle, Guardian Online, retrieved
11October 2006.
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