Carter Center

The Carter Center is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalynn Carter. In partnership with Emory University, The Carter Center works to advance human rights and alleviate human suffering. The Center is governed by a Board of Trustees, consisting of many prominent business persons, educators, former government officials, and eminent philanthropists. The Atlanta-based center has helped to improve the quality of life for people in more than 70 countries. In 2002, President Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize for his work “to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development” through The Carter Center.^[1]

Beyond the White House: Waging Peace, Fighting Disease, Building Hope chronicles the 25 years of The Carter Center. It was written by President Carter and published October 2, 2007, by Simon & Schuster.

Contents 1 Guiding principles 2 History 3 Governance 4 Peace programs 4.1 Observing elections 4.2 Strengthening democracy beyond elections 4.3 Advancing human rights 4.4 Mediating conflict 4.5 Assisting China village elections 5 Health programs 5.1 Disease eradication efforts 5.2 Implementing disease control and treatment measures 5.3 Training public health workers 5.4 Strengthening agricultural production 5.5 Reducing stigma of mental illness 6 Accolades 7 Controversy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links

Guiding principles

The Center’s motto – “Waging Peace. Fighting Disease. Building Hope.” – highlights the two core program areas for Carter Center activities. Peace Programs strengthen democracy, mediate and prevent conflicts, advance human rights, and monitor elections around the world. Health Programs seek the control and eradication of diseases such as Guinea worm disease, onchocerciasis, malaria, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis, work to diminish the stigma against mental illnesses, and improve nutrition through increased crop production in Africa.

Work in these areas is guided by five principles:

1. The Center emphasizes action and results. Based on careful research and analysis, it is prepared to take timely action on important and pressing issues.
2. The Center does not duplicate the effective efforts of others.
3. The Center addresses difficult problems and recognizes the possibility of failure as an acceptable risk.
4. The Center is nonpartisan and acts as a neutral party in dispute resolution activities.
5. The Center believes that people can improve their lives when provided with the necessary skills, knowledge, and access to resources.

History

The Center was founded in 1982 and dedicated in 1986 with William Foege as its executive director.^[2] John Hardman was appointed executive director in 1993, and during the 1990s the Center received several multi-million dollar donations to fight Guinea worm disease and to prevent blindness.^[3]

The Center strives to give millions of the world’s poorest people access to skills and knowledge they can use to identify solutions that will improve their own lives. In its first 25 years, the Center achieved a number of milestones, including:

• Observation of more than 70 elections in 33 countries^[4]
• Helping over 8 million small-scale farmers double or triple grain production in 15 African countries^[5]
• Creating avenues to peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Haiti, Liberia, North Korea, Sudan, and Uganda
• Reducing cases of Guinea worm disease worldwide from 3.5 million in 1986 to fewer than 5,000 in 2008^[6]
• Strengthening international standards for human rights and the voices of individuals defending those rights
• Advancing efforts to improve mental health care and diminish the stigma against people with mental illness

Governance

The Center is governed by a board of trustees, which oversees the organization’s assets and property and promotes its objectives and goals.

A community advisory group – the Board of Councilors – includes public and private-sector leaders who support The Carter Center and its activities in their communities and organizations. Members attend quarterly presentations on the Center’s work.

President and CEO John Hardman oversees the Center’s day-to-day operations and staff of 160, which includes international experts in the fields of peace and health. More than 100 student interns from universities around the world assist the staff each year.

Center-based councils of eminent persons who offer guidance to or participate in Center activities include: the Council of Presidents and Prime Ministers of the Americas, the International Council for Conflict Resolution, the International Task Force for Disease Eradication, and the Mental Health Task Force. The Carter Center also collaborates with other public and private organizations.

The Carter Center is located next to the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum on 37 acres (150,000 m²) of parkland two miles (3 km) from downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The library and museum are owned and operated separately by the United States National Archives and Records Administration.

Peace programs

The Center’s peace programs work to advance human rights, strengthen democracy, promote economic development, and prevent and resolve conflict. Major Center initiatives in these areas include:

Observing elections

The Carter Center is a trusted pioneer of election observation, sending teams of observers to determine the legitimacy of 77 elections in 33 countries since 1989.^[4]

Carter Center observers analyze election laws, assess voter education and registration processes, and evaluate fairness in campaigns. The presence of impartial election observers deters interference or fraud in the voting process, and reassures voters that they can safely and secretly cast their ballots and that vote tabulation will be conducted without tampering.

Teams typically include 30-100 highly qualified impartial observers – regional leaders, political scientists, regional specialists, and election observation professionals.

The Carter Center sends observers only when invited by a country’s electoral authorities and welcomed by the major political parties. Observers do not interfere in the electoral process and do not represent the U.S. government.^[7]

The Center played a key role – with the U.N. Electoral Assistance Division and the National Democratic Institute – in building consensus on a common set of international principles for election observation.^[8] It is also leading the effort to develop effective methodologies for observing elections that employ new electronic voting technologies.^[9]

Strengthening democracy beyond elections

The Carter Center supports the growth of democratic institutions to ensure that there is a respect for rule of law and human rights, that government decisions are open and transparent, and that everyone can have adequate resources to compete fairly for public office.

For example, the Center is supporting the efforts of civic leaders in Ethiopia to convene discussions about the most pressing and contentious political and social issues facing the country, and in the Palestinian Territories, it maintains a small presence in Ramallah focused on the ongoing monitoring and analysis of critical issues of democratic development.^[10]

Democratic initiatives in Latin America include support for regional access-to-information programs, creation of an inter-American support network, and reform of political campaign financing. The Center-based Council of Presidents and Prime Ministers of the Americas plays an important role in accomplishing these objectives.^[11]

The Carter Center also promotes the dissemination to emerging democracies and regional organizations of models, lessons, and best practices for democratic governance. The goal is to empower those in transitioning countries who are trying to build stronger democratic institutions and practices.

Advancing human rights

The Carter Center believes all people are entitled to basic human rights. These rights include political rights, such as peace, freedom, and self-governance, as well as the social rights of health care, food, shelter, and economic opportunity.

The Center actively supports human rights defenders around the world. In partnership with Human Rights First and the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Center holds an annual human rights defenders policy forum hosted by President Carter in Atlanta.^[12]

President and Mrs. Carter have intervened with heads of state on behalf of human rights defenders and victims for more than 20 years. They often take their human rights concerns to heads of state in personal meetings and through letters.

The Center and President Carter are strong supporters of the U.N. Human Rights Council and the International Criminal Court. Both oppose the death penalty and urge its abolition in the U.S.

Mediating conflict

Recalling President Carter’s success in the White House negotiating the long-lasting peace treaty between Israel and Egypt,^[13] groups in conflict turn to The Carter Center to help them prevent and resolve conflict. Lacking any official authority, the Center has become a trusted broker for peace, serving as a channel for dialogue and negotiation.

Recent examples include:

• President Carter’s mission to North Korea in 1994, which paved the way for a U.S.-North Korea pact on nuclear issues. ^[14]
• Assisting unofficial Israeli and Palestinian negotiators in designing a model agreement for peace – called the Geneva Accord – in 2002-03.^[15]
• Negotiation of the Nairobi Agreement in 1999 between Sudan and Uganda^[16]
• President Carter’s mission to Haiti in 1994 with Senator Sam Nunn and the then former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell to avert a U.S.-led multinational invasion and restore to power Haiti’s democratically elected president.^[17]
• President Carter’s historic trip to Cuba in 2002 to seek improved U.S.-Cuban relations^[18]
• Negotiation of a cease-fire in 1995 in Sudan to allow humanitarian groups treat Guinea worm disease and river blindness and immunize children.
• Holding summits in Egypt and Tunisia in 1995-96 to address violence in the Great Lakes region of Africa^[19]
• An agreement on the restoration of low-level diplomatic relations between Colombia and Ecuador under a deal brokered by the former president, as announced by the Carter Center on June 8, 2008.^[20][21]

Assisting China village elections

Since 1988, the Chinese government has authorized direct village elections to help maintain social and political order in the context of rapid economic reforms. At the invitation of China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Carter Center initiated a joint project in 1998 to standardize Chinese village election procedures and assist in training of election officials and elected National People’s Congress deputies.

Health programs

The Center has prevented the suffering of millions of people around the world from illnesses often ignored by others. Health programs seek to provide people with the information and access to services they need to treat their illnesses and take steps to prevent future spread of disease. An emphasis is placed on building partnerships for change among international agencies, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and corporations and on working with ministries of health to strengthen or establish permanent health care delivery systems in the poorest nations.

Disease eradication efforts

When The Carter Center began spearheading the campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease worldwide in 1986. At the time, there were about 3.5 million annual cases of the disease in 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2008, there were 4,619 reported cases and 98% of these were in just three countries: Sudan, Ghana, and Mali.^{[22][23][24][6]} Guinea worm disease is poised to be the first parasitic disease to be eradicated and the only disease to be eradicated without the use of vaccines or drugs.

The Carter Center is uniquely positioned to lead an international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease, possessing access to international leaders, technical expertise, and strong partnerships with local, national, and international agencies.

Within affected countries, the Center reinforces existing disease eradication programs by providing technical and financial assistance, as well as logistics and tools, such as donated filter cloth material, larvicide, and medical kits.^[25]

The International Task Force for Disease Eradication has been based at The Carter Center since its formation in 1988. The group has reviewed more than 100 infectious diseases and identified six as potentially eradicable – dracunculiasis, poliomyelitis, mumps, rubella, lymphatic filariasis, and cysticercosis.^[26]

Implementing disease control and treatment measures

Since 1996, the Center has been a leader in the fight against onchocerciasis, commonly known as river blindness – a parasitic disease transmitted by the bites of black flies.

The Center has worked to stop spread of the disease in 11 countries across Africa and the Americas by helping residents and local health workers institute and sustain drug treatment programs and health education activities. The international river blindness campaign seeks to eliminate the disease from the Western Hemisphere by 2015.^[27]

The Center has distributed more than 100 million doses of Mectizan – a drug donated by Merck & Co., Inc., that treats and prevents river blindness.^[28]

Center health workers also prevent transmission of trachoma – a bacterial infection that is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Trachoma is prevalent in places that lack the tools for basic hygiene, clean water, and adequate sanitation.

The Center follows the World Health Organization’s four-pronged approach – called the SAFE strategy – to fight trachoma in six African countries.^[29] The Trachoma Control Program is working to improve sanitation in those communities by building latrines, providing corrective surgery, distributing antibiotics, and educating communities on basic hygiene.

Since 2004, The Carter Center has helped to build nearly 500,000 latrines in its effort to fight trachoma.

The latrines contain and prevent human waste from serving as a breeding ground for the disease-carrying flies, thereby reducing one way the disease is spread.^[30]

Lymphatic filariasis and malaria are mosquito-born diseases also targeted by The Carter Center. The Center has distributed 3 million long-lasting insecticidal bed nets in Ethiopia. It has also established drug distribution systems in Nigeria to treat and stem the spread of lymphatic filariasis and schistosomiasis.^[31]

Training public health workers

The Carter Center believes in building networks of village-based health care workers to treat people for various diseases at the same time. Emphasis is on helping national and local governments establish programs that they can sustain into the future.

Since 1997, the Center established with the Ethiopian ministries of health and education the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative to improve academic training for health care personnel in Ethiopia and increase access to health care in rural communities throughout the country.

Strengthening agricultural production

In partnership with the Sasakawa Africa Association, the Center has worked since 1986 in 15 sub-Saharan African countries to teach 8-10 million small-scale farmers improved techniques that double or triple their crop yields.^[32]

The program promotes use of fertilizers and crop protection chemicals, soil fertility, and environmentally friendly agronomic methods of crop production. It also supports efforts to construct quality grain storage to sustain market prices for the farmer and ensure greater food security, establish farmers' associations, and use quality food crops such as high-protein maize.

Reducing stigma of mental illness

Rosalynn Carter leads the Center’s efforts to fight stigma associated with mental illness. The Center works to improve U.S. public policies that can help prevent mental illnesses and increase equity in mental health care, holding an annual symposium with national leaders in mental health and other fields.

The Center also seeks to raise public awareness of mental health issues globally through the Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental Health Journalism, which enable journalists to explore mental health issues. To date, more than 100 journalists have participated in the program.^[33]

Accolades

President Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 for his work through The Carter Center.^[1] The Carter Center received the inaugural Delta Prize for Global Understanding in 1999 – an award administered by the University of Georgia.^[34]

In 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation presented The Carter Center with the Gates Award for Global Health.^[35]

Controversy

The Carter Center's funding by Saudi Arabia and other Middle Eastern countries has been criticized. ^[36] It has been suggested that the Carter Center's consistent criticism of Israel, while calling the United Arab Emirates "almost completely free and open" has been influenced by the fact that some of the Center's funding comes from Middle Eastern sources.^[37]

According to The Carter Center, 3 percent of the total amount of contributions the Center has received since its founding in 1982 have been from donors in Mideast Arab nations.^[38] Before his death in 2005, Saudi Arabia's King Fahd made several large donations to the Center, including a 1993 gift of $7.6 million. As of 2005, the king's nephew, Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal, had given at least $5 million to the Carter Center. In 2001 the government of the United Arab Emirates gave the Center $500,000. The previous year, ten of Osama bin Laden's brothers had jointly pledged $1 million, as did Sultan Qaboos bin Said of Oman in 1998. The Saudi Fund for Development has been another major contributor, as well as the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. In addition, Morocco's Prince Moulay Hicham Ben Abdallah has collaborated with the Carter Center on various initiatives. ^[39]

Of the donations from the Middle East, the Center states: "Seventy-eight percent of those funds have helped to support health programs in Africa, 14 percent have gone to the institution's endowment, 4 percent were for original construction of buildings at headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and 4 percent for projects to directly promote peace, such as specific election observations.^[38]

The statement continues, "The Carter Center practices full disclosure of all of its contributions. All donations of $1,000 or more are published in its Annual Reports, available for download at www.cartercenter.org. Its income and expenditures every year are audited by internationally recognized auditing firms. President and Mrs. Carter have never accepted a salary from The Carter Center, and the honorariums they have received for awards or speeches have been contributed to The Carter Center or other charitable organizations, including funds from the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize."^[38]

The Carter Center occasionally receives criticism for its election observation work. Some individuals have disputed the Center’s endorsement of the electoral process in the Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004.^[40] Doug Schoen told Michael Barone at U.S. News and World Report, "Our internal sourcing tells us that there was fraud in the Venezuelan central commission. There are widespread reports of irregularities and evidence of fraud, many of them ably recorded by Mary Anastasia O'Grady in the Wall Street Journal last week. Carter is untroubled by any of this, and declares that Chavez won 'fair and square.'"^[41][42][43]

The release of President Carter's book Palestine Peace Not Apartheid created controversy for The Carter Center. Dr. Kenneth W. Stein resigned his position as a Center fellow, and this was followed by the resignation of 14 members of the Board of Councilors. However, none of the Center's governing board of trustees resigned.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• List of non-governmental organizations in the People's Republic of China
• Palestine Peace Not Apartheid

Notes

External links

• The Carter Center's website
• The Jimmy Carter Library and Museum's website

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v • d • e Election and Democracy Support/Reform Organizations Internationally Focused NGOs The Carter Center  · Centre for Democracy and Development(Africa) · Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening  · Electoral Institute of Southern Africa · International Foundation for Electoral Systems  · International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development  · International Republican Institute  · National Democratic Institute for International Affairs  · National Endowment for Democracy  · Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy · World Movement for Democracy Bilateral Organizations Association of Central and Eastern European Election Officials  · Elections Reform Support Group(Palestine) · Election Support Group(Pakistan)  · International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance  · United Nations Development Programme Governmmnetal Organizations Westminster Foundation for Democracy United States focused NGOs Coalition for Free and Open Elections · International Endowment for Democracy Other Country focused NGOs Citizens' Group on Electoral Process (Pakistan) · Electoral Reform Society(UK) · Institute for Election Systems Development (Russia)  · Israel Democracy Institute · Unlock Democracy (UK) International Advocacy Groups Democracy Promoters' Network · Project on Middle East Democracy