Charles Thomas Jackson

Charles Thomas Jackson
Charles Thomas Jackson
Born	21 June 1805 Plymouth, Massachusetts
Died	28 August 1880 Somerville, Massachusetts
Nationality	American
Fields	medicine

Charles Thomas Jackson (21 June 1805 – 28 August 1880) was an American physician and scientist who was active in medicine, chemistry, mineralogy, and geology.

Life and work

Born at Plymouth, Massachusetts of a prominent New England family, he was a brother-in-law of Ralph Waldo Emerson and a graduate of the Harvard Medical School in 1829, where he won the Boylston prize for his dissertation. While at Harvard he made a geological exploration of Nova Scotia with his friend Francis Alger of Boston, which helped to increasingly turn his interests toward geology. In 1829 he traveled to Europe where he studied both medicine and geology for several years and made the acquaintance of prominent European scientists and physicians.

Upon returning to the United States he played an active role in the new state geological survey movement, serving successively between 1836 and 1844 as the state geologist of Maine, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. In 1844-45 he was an on-site mining consultant to the Lake Superior Copper Company, one of the first companies to attempt mining the native copper deposits of Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula on Lake Superior.

Charles Thomas Jackson

In 1847 Jackson was appointed United States Geologist for the Lake Superior land district, which was about to become one of the major copper-producing regions of the world. His leadership of that survey proved to be a disaster, and he was dismissed from his position and the completion of the survey was turned over to his assistants John Wells Foster and Josiah Dwight Whitney.

Jackson is particularly remembered for his involvement in a series of often bitter priority conflicts that left their marks on the scientific and social scenes of his day. They followed a standard pattern: a discovery would be announced by someone, Jackson would then claim prior discovery, and a controversy would ensue. Among them were conflicts over the discovery of guncotton (Christian Friedrich Schönbein), the telegraph (Samuel F. B. Morse), the digestive action of the stomach (William Beaumont), and the anesthetic effects of ether (William T. G. Morton).

Jackson also made a similar priority claim (in 1849) for the discovery that the unusual native copper deposits of Lake Superior, contrary to all previous geological expectations, could be successfully mined, although at that time it was universally acknowledged that credit for that discovery belonged to the recently deceased Douglass Houghton, Michigan's first state geologist. In this case, again, there was no evidence to support his claims. Houghton had published an official report of his findings in 1841 and written letters to government officials of his discoveries even earlier. Jackson probably made his claim because he knew that Houghton had died in 1845 and could not defend himself.

By 1873 Jackson was afflicted with mental illness and spent the remainder of his life in retirement. He died in the McLean Asylum in Somerville, Massachusetts. He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as is one of his rivals, Dr. William T. G. Morton.

Selected writings

• Jackson, Charles Thomas (1861). A Manual of Etherization: Containing Directions for the Employment of Ether. Boston: J. B. Mansfield. http://books.google.com/books?id=LiEJAAAAIAAJ. 

Further reading

Charles Jackson's grave at Mount Auburn Cemetery

• Wolfe, Richard & Richard Patterson (2007). Charles Thomas Jackson: The Head behind the Hands. Novato, CA: Historyofscience.com. 

• Fenster, J. M. (2001). Ether Day: The Strange Tale of America's Greatest Medical Discovery and the Haunted Men Who Made It. New York: Harper Collins. 

• Kendall, Amos (1852). Morse's patent, full exposure of C.T. Jackson's pretensions to the invention. Washington: Jno. T. Towers. http://books.google.com/books?id=TosDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=telegraph+charles+jackson+thomas&lr=&as_brr=1#PPA1,M2. 

• Lord, Joseph L.; Lord, Henry C. (1948). A Defence of Dr. Charles T. Jackson's Claims to the Discovery of Etherization. Boston: Littell's Living Age. http://books.google.com/books?id=Eiyrs0QV6R4C&pg=PA25&dq=ether+charles+jackson+thomas&as_brr=1#PPP5,M2. 

• "Charles Thomas Jackson." Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.

• "Charles Thomas Jackson." Webster's American Biographies. G. & C. Merriam 1975.

External links

• Woodworth J. B. (1897). "Charles Thomas Jackson". The American Geologist 20: 69 – 110. http://books.google.com/books?id=hoQnCB28-ukC&pg=PA110&dq=ether+charles+jackson+thomas&lr=&as_brr=1#PPA69-IA1,M2. - Contains an extensive bibliography of Jackson's writings