| Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant | |
|---|---|
 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station, viewed from the roof of a building in Prypiat, Ukraine.
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| Data | |
| Country | Ukraine |
| Start of commercial operation | 1977 |
| Ceased operation | 2000 |
| Reactors | |
| Reactors active | 0 (0 MW) |
| Reactors shut down | 4 |
| Reactors canceled | 2 (2,000 MW) |
| Power | |
| Capacity | 4,000 MW |
| Total power generation in 2008 | 0 GW·h |
| Average annual generation (last 5 yrs) | 0 GW·h |
| Net generation | 0 GW·h |
| Other details | |
| Website http://www.chnpp.gov.ua/ |
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The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (Ukrainian: Державне спецiалiзоване пiдприємство "Чорнобильська АЕС", Russian: Чернобыльская АЭС) is a decommissioned nuclear power station near the city of Prypiat, Ukraine, 18 km northwest of the city of Chernobyl, 16 km from the Ukraine-Belarus border, and about 110 km north of Kiev. It was the site of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, but due to high power demand, continued to operate until December 2000. Workers remain at the site as the remaining three reactors at the Chernobyl plant, although no longer in operation, still contain nuclear fuel which needs to be monitored.
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Construction
The V.I. Lenin Nuclear Power Station (Russian: Чернобыльская АЭС им. В.И.Ленина) as it was known during the Soviet times, consisted of four reactors of type RBMK-1000, each capable of producing 1000 megawatts of electric power (3.2 GW of thermal power). Construction of the plant and the city of Pripyat to house workers and their families began in 1970, with reactor No. 1 commissioned in 1977. It was the third nuclear power station in the Soviet Union of RBMK-type (after Leningrad and Kursk), and the first ever nuclear power plant on Ukrainian soil. The completion of the first reactor in 1977 was followed by reactor No. 2 (1978), No. 3 (1981), and No. 4 (1983). Two more reactors, nos. 5 and 6, capable of producing 1000 MW each, were under construction at the time of the accident. Reactor No. 5 was almost complete at the time of the accident and was scheduled to start operating in late 1986. However, it has since been abandoned; construction cranes still stand next to it to this day.
The structure of units 1 and 2 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was very different from units 3 and 4, in the sense that they had a more robust accident localization system. The control rooms in units 3 and 4 were to the side of the reactor, with no extra concrete or steel wall. But the control rooms of units 1 and 2 were at the back of the reactor, with a thick concrete wall between the two. Many nuclear structure experts claim that if the same accident happened in unit 1 or 2, the accident would have been more contained within the building, and the top (roof) of the reactor building could have simply been repaired after the accident, instead of building a sarcophagus. All units at the complex were of the RBMK-type, a Soviet nuclear reactor that was used only in USSR and never exported. These reactors were primarily designed for making plutonium for nuclear weapons, with electric power as a byproduct.
Accidents
1982
In 1982, a partial core meltdown occurred in reactor No. 1 at the Chernobyl plant. Due to the secret policy of the Soviet Union,[citation needed] the extent of the accident was not made public until years later. The reactor was repaired and put back into operation within months.
1986
On April 26, 1986, a disaster occurred at reactor No. 4, which has been widely regarded as the worst accident in the history of nuclear power. As a result, reactor No. 4 was completely destroyed and has since been enclosed in a concrete sarcophagus to prevent further escape of radiation. The population of the nearby areas were evacuated. Large areas of Europe were affected by the accident, but increased radiation exposure outside of the Ukraine, Belarus and Russia "are comparable to an annual dose from natural background radiation and are, therefore, of little radiological significance" according to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation[1].
1991
In 1991, during a scheduled shutdown, a fire broke out in reactor No. 2's turbine, causing severe damage to the reactor building. It was then decided that reactor No. 2 would not be returned to operation because of the severity of the damage.
Decommissioning
From 1991, Western nations pushed the Ukraine to shut down the Chernobyl plant. After the fire at reactor 2, it was decided that the plant would be taken out of service in two stages, with one of the two remaining reactors being shut down by the year 1996 and another by the year 2000. It was decided that reactor 1 would be shut down first for two reasons: the first being that it is the older of the two; the other being that so much labor and money was invested into making reactor 3 operational four years prior to the fire, that to shut it down so soon would be uneconomical.
Unit 3 was the last reactor to be operated at the Chernobyl plant. To meet the year 2000 deadline, the reactor was shut down on 15 December 2000 during the official ceremony of the power plant shut-down with Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma present in the control room during the event. At about 1:17 PM local time, the reactor team pressed AZ5, Rapid Emergency Defence, within seconds the power readout meter was reading zero. The shutdown went as planned.
Even after the last reactor shutdown, people continue to work at the Chernobyl plant until reactor units 1, 2, and 3 are totally decommissioned, which is expected to take years. The first stage of decommissioning is the removal of the highly radioactive spent nuclear fuel, which is placed in deep water cooling ponds. However, storage facilities for this are not suitable for long term containment, and those on site do not have the capacity for all the spent fuel from units 1, 2 and 3. A second facility is planned for construction that will use dry storage technology suitable for long term storage and have the required capacity[2].
Removal of uncontaminated equipment has begun at unit 1 and this work could be complete by 2020-2022[3].
The remains of reactor unit 4 will remain radioactive for some time. The isotope responsible for the majority of the external gamma radiation dose at the site is Caesium-137 which has a half-life of about 30 years. It is likely that with no further decontamination work the gamma ray dosage at the site will return to background levels in about three hundred years. However, as most of the alpha emitters are longer lived, the soil and many surfaces in and around the plant are likely to be contaminated with transuranic metals such as plutonium and americium, which have much longer half-lives. It is planned that the reactor buildings will be disassembled as soon as it is radiologically safe to do so.
Sarcophagus replacement
On 17 September, 2007 it was announced that a new steel containment structure named the New Safe Confinement (NSC) would be built to replace the aging and hastily built sarcophagus that currently protects reactor core #4. The project, financed by an international fund managed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), will be designed and built by the French-led consortium Novarka, which includes the companies Bouygues and Vinci. Novarka will build a giant arch-shaped structure out of steel, 190 m wide and 200 m long to cover the old crumbling concrete dome that is currently in use.
It is expected to take a year to design the new building and another two years to build it. The steel casing project is expected to cost $1.4 billion (£700 million, €1 billion). A separate deal has also been made with the American firm Holtec to build a storage facility within the exclusion zone for nuclear waste which has been produced by Chernobyl.
Tours to Chernobyl
The Ministry of Atomic Power of Ukraine now lets tourists go on special tours of the area.[citation needed]
See also
Other Chernobyl articles
- Chernobyl compared to other radioactivity releases
- Chernobyl disaster
- Chernobyl disaster effects
- Chernobyl Heart
- Cultural impact of the Chernobyl disaster
- List of Chernobyl-related articles
- List of Chernobyl-related charities
- Zone of alienation
Other accidents
Nuclear safety
- International Nuclear Event Scale
- Loss of coolant accident
- Nuclear meltdown
- Radioactive contamination
Other
References
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant |
- Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant - official website (English)
- Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant at Google Maps
- Construction of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant - video (Russian)
- Shut down of reactor no. 3 in December 2000 - video (Russian)
- Slide show of a visit to the Chernobyl reactor in April 2006 by a German TV team joint by Research Center Juelich
- Steel Sarcophagus Announcement.
- «Zone — virtual walk with comments» (Russian) by Nataliya Monastirnaya
Coordinates: 51°23′22.39″N 30°05′56.93″E / 51.3895528°N 30.0991472°E
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