vermilion

 

vivid red pigment of durable quality. It is a chemical compound of mercury and sulfur and is known as red sulfide of mercury; it was formerly obtained by grinding pure cinnabar but is now commonly prepared synthetically. Vermilion is a good pigment for protecting iron and steel and is therefore used in paints. It is commonly adulterated because of its high cost. Certain other materials are sometimes called vermilion; among them is imitation vermilion, prepared from a combination of red lead or basic lead chromate and certain other chemicals.

Vermilion
<imagemap>Image:Information-silk.png|About these coordinates rect 0 0 50 50 About these coordinates desc none</imagemap>— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#E34234
RGBB	(r, g, b)	(227, 66, 52)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(5°, 77.1%, 89%)
Source		BF2S Color Guide
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Vermilion, also spelled vermillion, when found naturally-occurring, is an opaque orangeish red pigment, used since antiquity, originally derived from the powdered mineral cinnabar. Chemically the pigment is mercuric sulfide, HgS. Like all mercury compounds it is toxic.

Today, vermilion is most commonly artificially produced by reacting mercury with molten sulfur. Most naturally produced vermilion comes from cinnabar mined in China, giving rise to its alternative name of China red.

As pure sources of cinnabar are rare, natural vermilion has always been extremely expensive. In the Middle Ages, vermilion was often as expensive as gilding. As of 2007 a 40 ml tube of genuine Chinese Vermilion oil paint can cost £51 (US ~$100) [1].

In painting, vermilion has largely been replaced by the pigment cadmium red, a pigment that is less reactive due to the replacement of mercury with cadmium, especially in certain applications such as watercolors. The last mainstream commercial source in watercolors was from the Belgian artist's materials company Blockx, although the pigment can still be obtained in oils, where it is considered more stable. Unlike mercuric sulfide, cadmium sulfide is available in a large range of warm hues, including hues obtained by the addition of selenium or zinc. The range is from lemon yellow to a dull deep red, sometimes referred to as "cadmium purple".

Vermilion is also the name of the typical color of the natural ground pigment, which is a bright red tinged with orange. It is somewhat similar to the color scarlet. Vermilion is not on the color wheel since the color is mixed with a slight amount of gray. As with cadmium sulfide,mercuric sulfide can be found in a range from a bright orange-toned red to a duller slightly bluish red. The differences in hue are due to the range in the size of the ground particles. The larger the average crystal is, the duller and less orange-toned it appears. It has been theorized that the more coarsely ground "Chinese" form of vermilion is more permanent than the more orange "French" variety. It is also theorized that purification leads to increased stability, as with many other pigments.

History

There is evidence of the use of cinnabar pigment in India and China since prehistory; It was known to the Romans; Pliny the Elder records that it became so expensive that the price had to be fixed by the Roman government. The synthesis of vermilion from mercury and sulfur may have been invented by the Chinese; the earliest known description of the process dates from the 8th century.

The synthetically-produced pigment was used throughout Europe from the 12th century, mostly for illuminated manuscripts, although it remained prohibitively expensive until the 14th century when the technique for synthesizing vermilion was widely known in Europe. Synthetic vermilion was regarded early on as superior to the pigment derived from natural cinnabar. Cennino Cennini mentions that vermilion is

"made by alchemy, prepared in a retort. I am leaving out the system for this, because it would be too tedious to set forth in my discussion all the methods and receipts. Because, if you want to take the trouble, you will find plenty of receipts for it, and especially by asking of the friars. But I advise you rather to get some of that which you find at the druggists' for your money, so as not to lose time in the many variations of procedure. And I will teach you how to buy it, and to recognize the good vermilion. Always buy vermilion unbroken, and not pounded or ground. The reason? Because it is generally adulterated, either with red lead or with pounded brick." ^[1]

Vermilion was frequently adulterated due to its high price, usually with red lead, an inexpensive bright lead oxide pigment that was too reactive to be trustworthy enough for use in art.

"American Vermilion" is the name for a historical vermilion imitation. The words for the color red in Portuguese vermelho and Catalan vermell derive from this term.

China red

"China red" is another name for the pigment vermilion, which is the traditional red pigment of Chinese art. Chinese name chops are printed with a red cinnabar paste, and vermilion (or cinnabar) is the pigment used in Chinese red lacquer. Cinnabar also has significance in Taoist culture, and was regarded as the color of life and eternity.

Orange-Red

Orange-Red
<imagemap>Image:Information-silk.png|About these coordinates rect 0 0 50 50 About these coordinates desc none</imagemap>— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#FF4500
RGBB	(r, g, b)	(255, 69, 0)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(5°, 90%, 92%)
Source		X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the web color orange-red.

Orange-red has a special significance in hacker culture. The documentation for Digital Equipment Corporation's VMS version 4 came in memorable, distinctively-colored orangish-red ring binders, and "China red" was Digital's official name for this color. (According to http://www.inwap.com/pdp10/usenet/history.9612, Mark Crispin seems to claim Digital's name for the color was Terracotta, at least in the context of PDP-10 machines running Tops-20.)

References

See also

"Vermilion Border" - the upper edge of the lip, a medical designation. The fleshy brilliant red mucosa of the lips is called "vermilion" a term linked with ideas found in "vermin" and "worms" (because of a red dye made from insects). The curved outline of the upper edge of the vermilion of the upper lip is called "Cupid's bow" (as if blowing kisses is akin to shooting love arrows).

• More information in Medical Dictionary

• List of colors

External links

• National Pollutant Inventory - Mercury and compounds fact sheet
• Vermilion. Pigments through the Ages. WebExhibits.
• Why are cinnabar, vermilion, and cadmium orange colored?. Causes of Color. WebExhibits.

					Shades of red
Alizarin	Amaranth	Burgundy	Cardinal	Carmine	Cerise	Chestnut	Coral Red	Crimson	Dark Pink	Falu red	Fire engine red
Fuchsia	Girlsnberry	Hollywood Cerise	Magenta	Maroon	Mauve	Persian red	Pink	Persimmon	Red	Red-violet	Rose
Rust	Puce	Sangria	Scarlet	Shocking Pink	Terra cotta	Venetian red	Vermilion

					Shades of orange
Orange	Amber	Coral	Dark salmon	Gamboge	International orange	Mahogany	Peach	Peach-orange	Peach-yellow	Pink-orange	Persimmon	Pumpkin
Rust	Safety orange	Salmon	Tangerine	Tenné (Tawny)	UNECE Amber	Vermilion	Burnt Orange	Apricot	Carrot Orange	Orange Peel	Orange (web)	Brown

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