Ethnographers commonly classify indigenous peoples in the United States and Canada into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits (called cultural areas).[1] The following list groups peoples by their region of origin, followed by the current location. See the individual article on each tribe or First Nation for a history of their movements. See the List of Native American Tribal Entities for the United States' official list of recognized Native American tribes. The regions are:
Contents |
Canada, Greenland, and United States
Arctic
Subarctic
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California
Niprise |
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Northeast Woodlands
- Abenaki
- Eastern Abenaki: Quebec, Maine, and New Hampshire[2]
- Kennebec (Caniba)
- Western Abenaki: Quebec, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont[2]
- Eastern Abenaki: Quebec, Maine, and New Hampshire[2]
- Accohannock see Nanticoke
- Algonquian lower Saint Lawrence River
- Anishinaabe (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, Plains)
- Assateague, Maryland[3]
- Beothuk, Newfoundland[2]
- Choptank Indian Tribe, Maryland[3]
- Conoy, Virginia[3]
- Erie, Pennsylvania, New York[2]
- Etchemin Quebec (Maliseet)
- Fox, Michigan,[2] later Iowa, Oklahoma
- Hatteras
- Ho-Chunk, Wisconsin, later Nebraska
- Honniasont, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
- Hopewell Ohio and Black River region
- Huron/Wyandot Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec
- Illinois, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri[2]
- Iroquois, Ontario, Quebec, and New York[2]
- Kickapoo, Michigan,[2] Illinois, Missouri, later Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico
- Laurentian/St. Lawrence Iroquoians
- Lenni-Lenape Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Ontario and Oklahoma
- Maliseet, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine[2]
- Mascouten, Michigan[2]
- Massachusett, Massachusetts
- Ponkapoag
- Mattaponi, Virginia[4]
- Menominee, Michigan and Wisconsin[2]
- Mingo, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
- Mahican Confederacy, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont[2]
- Massachusett, Massachusetts[7]
- Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec[2]
- Mohegan, Connecticut
- Montauk, New York
- Nanticoke, Delaware and Maryland[2]
- Narragansett, Rhode Island
- Neutral, Ontario[2]
- Niantic, coastal Connecticut[7]
- Nipmuck, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island[7]
- Ocaneechee, Virginia[8]
- Pamlico
- Pasquotank
- Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine[2]
- Patuxent, Maryland[3]
- Penobscot, Maine
- Pequot
- Petun, Ontario[2]
- Piscataway Indian Nation, Maryland[3]
- Pocumtuc, western Massachusetts[7]
- Pokanoket (Pokanoket Tribe of the Wampanoag Nation), Rhode Island and Massachusetts[7]
- Poospatuck, New York
- Potawatomi, Michigan
- Powhatan, Virginia[3]
- Quinnipiac Connecticut, eastern New York, northern New Jersey, Long Island
- Ramapough Mountain Indians, New Jersey
- Rappahannock, Virginia[4]
- Sauk, Michigan,[2] later Iowa, Oklahoma
- Schaghticoke, western Connecticut
- Secotan
- Shawnee Ohio,[2] West Virginia, Pennsylvania, later Oklahoma
- Shinnecock, Long Island, New York[7]
- Sissipahaw
- Souriquoian
- Susquehannock, Maryland and Pennsylvania[2]
- Tarrantine (Tarranteen), see Abenaki, Micmac
- Tauxenent, Virginia[4]
- Unquachog, Long Island, New York[7]
- Wampanoag, Massachusetts
- Wawenoc
- Wenro, New York[2]
- Wenrohronon, Pennsylvania and New York
- Wyandot, Huron, Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec
Great Basin
- Bannock
- Chemehuevi
- Gosiute Utah
- Kawaiisu
- Koso (Panamint)
- Mono
- Northern Paiute California, Nevada, Oregon [Burns-Paiute], Arizona
- Southern Paiute (Kaibab)
- Paviotso
- Pima
- Shoshone (Shoshoni) Nevada, Wyoming, California
- Timbisha
- Tohono O'odham
- Ute Utah, Colorado
- Washo Nevada, California
Plateau
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Northwest Coast
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
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Plains
Main article: Plains Indians
Further information: Native American tribes in Nebraska
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Southeast
See also: List of Indian tribes in Florida
- Abihka, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9]
- Acolapissa (Colapissa), Louisiana and Mississippi[10]
- Ais, eastern coastal Florida[11]
- Akokisa, Texas southeast coast[9]
- Alabama, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9], southwestern Tennessee, northwestern Mississippi[10][12]
- Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida[13]
- Amacano, Florida west coast[14]
- Apalachee, northwestern Florida[12]
- Apalachicola, Creek Confederacy, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and South Carolina[9]
- Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast[12]
- Atayos - see Adai
- Attacapa - see Atakapa
- Avoyel ("little Natchez"), Louisiana[10][15]
- Backhooks Nation (possibly Chuaque, Holpaos, Huaq, Nuaq, Pahoc, Pahor, Paor, Uca),[16] South Carolina
- Bayogoula, southeastern Louisiana[10][15]
- Bidai, eastern Texas[9]
- Biloxi, Mississippi[10][12]
- Boca Ratones, Florida
- Caddo Confederacy, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas[12][17]
- Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas[10]
- Cahinnio, southern Arkansas[17]
- Doustioni, north central Lousiana[17]
- Eyeish (Hais), eastern Texas[17]
- Hainai, eastern Texas[17]
- Hasinai, eastern Texas[17]
- Kadohadacho, northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana[17]
- Nabedache, eastern Texas[17]
- Nabiti, eastern Texas[17]
- Nacogdoche, eastern Texas[17]
- Nacono, eastern Texas[17]
- Nadaco, eastern Texas[17]
- Nanatsoho, northeastern Texas[17]
- Nasoni, eastern Texas[17]
- Natchitoches, Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas[17]
- Neche, eastern Texas[17]
- Nechaui, eastern Texas[17]
- Ouachita, northern Louisiana[17]
- Tula, western Arkansas[17]
- Yatasi, northwestern Louisiana[17]
- Calusa, southwestern Florida[12][13]
- Cape Fear Indians, North Carolina southern coast[10]
- Catawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa),[16] North Carolina, South Carolina[12]
- Chacato, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[10]
- Chakchiuma, Alabama and Mississippi[12]
- Chatot (tribe) (Chacato, Chactoo), west Florida
- Chawasha (Washa), Louisiana[10]
- Cheraw (Chara, Charàh), North Carolina
- Cherokee, Georgia, North Carolina, western tip of South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, later Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and Oklahoma[18]
- Chiaha, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9]
- Chickahominy, Virginia[19]
- Chickamauga, band of Cherokees in Tennessee and Georgia
- Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina
- Chickasaw, Alabama and Mississippi,[12] later Oklahoma[18]
- Chicora, coastal South Carolina[15]
- Chine, Florida
- Chisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia, northern Florida[15]
- Chitimacha, Louisiana[12]
- Choctaw, Mississippi, Alabama,[12] and parts of Louisiana; later Oklahoma[18]
- Chowanoc, North Carolina
- Creek, Florida, Georgia, southern Tennessee, Mississippi,[12] later Alabama, Oklahoma[18]
- Congaree (Canggaree), South Carolina[10][20]
- Coree, North Carolina[15]
- Coushatta, Louisiana and Texas
- Coharie, North Carolina
- Cusabo coastal South Carolina[12]
- Eno (people), North Carolina[10]
- Garza, Texas, northern Mexico
- Grigra (Gris), Mississippi[21]
- Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida[13]
- Guacozo, Florida
- Guale (Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia[10][12]
- Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast[13]
- Hitchiti, Creek Confederacy, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida[10]
- Hooks Nation (possibly Chuaque, Huaq, Nuaq),[16] see Backhooks Nation
- Houma, Louisiana and Mississippi[12]
- Jaega, eastern coastal Florida[11]
- Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina
- Jobe (Hobe), part of Jaega, Florida[13]
- Jororo, Florida interior[13]
- Keyauwee, North Carolina[10]
- Koasati, Tennessee[12]
- Koroa, Mississippi[10]
- Luca (tribe), southwestern Florida coast[13]
- Lumbee, North Carolina
- Machapunga, North Carolina
- Manahoac, Virginia[22]
- Mattaponi, Virginia
- Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys[13]
- Mayaca (tribe), Florida[13]
- Mayaimi (Mayami), interior Florida[11]
- Mayajuaca, Florida
- Meherrin, Virginia,[19] North Carolina
- Mikasuki (Miccosukee), Florida
- Mobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[12]
- Mocoso, western Florida[11][13]
- Monacan, Virginia[15]
- Monyton (Monetons, Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia
- Mougoulacha, Mississippi[15]
- Muscogee (Creek), Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, later Oklahoma
- Nahyssan, Virginia
- Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[12]
- Nansemond, Virginia[19]
- Natchez, Louisiana and Mississippi[12] later Oklahoma
- Neusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina[10]
- Nottaway, Virginia,[19] North Carolina
- Occaneechi (Siouan), Virginia[19][23]
- Oconee, Georgia, Florida
- Ofo, Arkansas and Mississippi[12], eastern Tennessee[10]
- Okchai (Ogchay), central Alabama[10]
- Okelousa, Louisiana[10]
- Opelousas, Louisiana[10]
- Osochee (Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9][10]
- Pacara, Florida
- Pakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas), central Alabama[10], later Texas[15]
- Pamlico, North Carolina
- Pamunkey, Virginia[19]
- Pascagoula, Mississippi coast[15]
- Patiri, southeastern Texas
- Pee Dee (Pedee), South Carolina[10][24] and North Carolina
- Pensacola, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[12]
- Potoskeet, North Carolina
- Quinipissa, southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi[9]
- Rappahannock Tribe, Virginia
- Saluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina[10]
- Santee (Seretee, Sarati, Sati, Sattees), South Carolina (no relation to Santee Sioux), South Carolina[10]
- Santa Luces, Florida
- Saponi, North Carolina[25], Virginia[19]
- Saura North Carolina
- Sawokli (Sawakola, Sabacola, Sabacôla, Savacola), southern Alabama and Florida panhandle[10]
- Saxapahaw (Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina[10]
- Seminole, Florida and Oklahoma[18]
- Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast[10]
- Shakori, North Carolina
- Shoccoree, North Carolina,[10] possibly Virginia
- Stegarake, Virginia[22]
- Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia[19]
- Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina[10]
- Surruque, east central Florida[26]
- Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina
- Taensa, Mississippi[27]
- Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9]
- Tawasa, Alabama[28]
- Tequesta, southeastern coastal Florida[10][13]
- Terocodame, Texas and Mexico
- Codam
- Hieroquodame
- Oodame
- Perocodame
- Teroodame
- Timucua, Florida and Georgia[10][12][13]
- Acuera, central Florida[29]
- Agua Fresca (or Aqua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida[30]
- Arapaha, north central Florida and south central Georgia?[31]
- Cascangue, coastal southeast Georgia[32]
- Icafui (or Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia[33]
- Mocama (or Tacatacuru), coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia[34]
- Northern Utina north central Florida[35]
- Ocale, central Florida[36]
- Oconi, interior southeast Georgia[37]
- Potano, north central Florida[38]
- Saturiwa, northeast Florida[39]
- Tucururu (or Tucuru), central? Florida[40]
- Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia[41]
- Yui (or Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia[42]
- Yustaga, north central Florida[43]
- Tiou (Tioux), Mississippi[20]
- Tocaste, Florida[13]
- Tocobaga, Florida[10][13]
- Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[12]
- Tomahitan, eastern Tennessee
- Topachula, Florida
- Tukabatchee (Tuk-ke-bat-che), Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9]
- Tuscarora, North Carolina, Virginia, later New York
- Tuskegee, see Creek
- Tutelo, Virginia[19][23]
- Tunica, Arkansas and Mississippi[12]
- Utiza, Florida[11]
- Uzita, Tampa Bay, Florida[44]
- Vicela, Florida[11]
- Viscaynos, Florida
- Waccamaw, South Carolina
- Wateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina[10]
- Waxhaw (Waxsaws, Wisack, Wisacky, Weesock, Flathead), North Carolina and South Carolina[10][24]
- Westo, Virginia and South Carolina[15]
- Winyaw, South Carolina coast[10]
- Woccon, North Carolina[10][24]
- Yamasee, Florida, Georgia[15]
- Yazoo, southeastern tip of Arkansas, eastern Louisiana, Mississippi[10][45]
- Yuchi (Euchee), central Tennessee,[10][12] later Oklahoma
Southwest
- Ak Chin, Arizona
- Southern Athabaskan
- Chiricahua Apache, New Mexico and Oklahoma
- Jicarilla Apache, New Mexico
- Lipan Apache, Texas
- Mescalero Apache, New Mexico
- Navajo (Navaho, Diné), Arizona and New Mexico
- San Carlos Apache, Arizona
- Tonto Apache, Arizona
- Western Apache (Coyotero Apache), Arizona
- White Mountain Apache, Arizona
- Aranama (aka Hanáma, Hanáme, Chaimamé, Charinames, Xaranames, Taranames)
- Coahuiltecan, Texas, northern Mexico
- Cochimi, Baja California
- Cocopa, Arizona
- Comecrudo Texas, northern Mexico
- Cotoname (aka Carrizo de Camargo)
- Genízaro Arizona, New Mexico
- Halchidhoma, Arizona and California
- Hano, Arizona
- Hualapai, Arizona
- Havasupai, Arizona
- Hohokam, Arizona
- Jumano, Sonora, Mexico
- Karankawa, Texas
- Kavelchadhom
- Los Luceros
- Mamulique Texas, northern Mexico
- Maricopa, Arizona
- Mojave, Arizona, California, and Nevada
- Pima, Arizona
- Pima Bajo
- Piro
- Pueblo people, Arizona and New Mexico
- Hopi, Arizona
- Keres people, New Mexico
- Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico
- Cochiti Pueblo, New Mexico
- Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico
- San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico
- Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico
- Santo Domingo Pueblo, New Mexico
- Zia Pueblo, New Mexico
- Tewa, New Mexico
- Nambé Pueblo, New Mexico
- Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico
- Pojoaque Pueblo, New Mexico
- San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico
- Tesuque Pueblo, New Mexico
- Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico
- Tiwa people, New Mexico
- Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico
- Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico
- Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico (Nafiat was the name for the Bernalillo pueblo)
- Taos Pueblo, New Mexico
- Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (Tigua Pueblo), Texas
- Towa
- Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico
- Zuni, New Mexico
- Qahatika
- Quechan (Yuma), Arizona and California
- Quems
- Solano
- Suma
- Tamique
- Toboso
- Tohono O'odham (Papago), Arizona and Mexico
- Ubate
- Walapai, Arizona
- Yaqui, Arizona
- Yavapai, (Mojave-Apache) see Yavapai-Apache Nation, Yavapai-Prescott Tribe Arizona (often confused with Tonto Apache and Mojave)
Latin America and the Caribbean
The indigenous peoples of Central and South America are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities.
Caribbean
Mesoamerica
Aridoamerica
South America
Andean
Sub-Andean
Western Amazon
Central Amazon
Eastern and Southern Amazon
Gran Chaco
- Abipon (verdwenen)
- Angaite (Angate)
- Ayore (Morotoco, Moro, Zamuco)
- Chamacoco (Ishiro)
- Chané
- Chiquitano (Chiquito, Tarapecosi)
- Chorote
- Manjuy (Iyo'wujwa Chorote)
- Iyojwa'ja Chorote
- Chulupí (Chulupe, Nivaclé, Ashluslay, Guentusé)
- Guana (Kaskihá)
- Guaraní
- Bolivian Guarani
- Chiriguano
- Guarayo (East Bolivian Guarani)
- Chiripá (Tsiripá, Ava)
- Pai Tavytera (Pai, Montese, Ava)
- Tapieté (Ñandeva)
- Yuqui (Bia)
- Bolivian Guarani
- Mbayá (Kadiweu, Caduveo, Guaycurú)
- Lengua (tribe) (Enxet)
- North Lengua (Eenthlit)
- South Lengua
- Lulé (Pelé, Tonocoté)
- Maca (Towolhi)
- Mocoví (Mocobí)
- Pilagá (Pilage Toba)
- Sanapana (Quiativis)
- Toba (Qom, Frentones)
- Vilela
- Wichí (Mataco)
Southern Cone
- Araucanian (Mapuche)
- Chaná (extinct)
- Chandule (Chandri)
- Charrúa
- Chono (extinct)
- Comechingon (Henia-Camiare)
- Haush (Manek'enk, Mánekenk, Aush)
- Het (Querandí) (extinct)
- Chechehet
- Didiuhet
- Taluhet
- Huarpe (Warpes) (extinct)
- Allentiac (Alyentiyak)
- Millcayac (Milykayak)
- Oico
- Kaweshkar (Alacaluf, Halakwulup)
- Mbeguá (extinct)
- Minuane (extinct)
- Puelche (Guenaken, Pampa) (extinct)
- Tehuelche
- Künün-a-Güna (Gennakenk, Gennaken, Noordelijke Tehuelche)
- Küwach-a-Güna
- Mecharnúekenk
- Aónikenk (Zuidelijke Tehuelche)
- Selk'nam (Ona)
- Yamana or Yaghan
- Yaro (Jaro)
Languages
- For a general discussion, see Indigenous languages of the Americas
- For a grouping of languages by culture area, see Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas.
- (Spanish) Aridoamerican tribes by location
- (Spanish) Mesoamerican tribes by location
Genetic classification
For more details on indigenous genetic classification, see Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA).
Haplogroup Q1a3a is a Y Chromosome haplogroup generally associated with the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.[46] The Q1a3a-M3 mutation is on the Q lineage roughly 10 to 15 thousand years ago, as the migration throwout the Americas was underway by the early Paleo-Indians.[47]
Notes
- ^ "Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Sturtevant and Trigger, ix
- ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Trigger, 241
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Trigger, 255
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Trigger, 198
- ^ Sturtevant and Trigger, 198
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sturtevant and Trigger, 161
- ^ Sturtevant and Trigger, 96
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sturtevant and Fogelson, 374
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Sturtevant and Fogelson, 69
- ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Fogelson, 205
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Sturtevant and Fogelson, ix
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sturtevant and Fogelson, 214
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 673
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sturtevant and Fogelson, 81-82
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson, 315
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sturtevant, 617
- ^ a b c d e Frank, Andrew K. Indian Removal. Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. (retrieved 10 July 2009)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598-9
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson, 302
- ^ Haliwa-Saponi Tribe. (retrieved 10 July 2009)
- ^ Hahn 1993
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598-9
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 78, 668
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hann 2003:11
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 190
- ^ Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz, Roberta Eckert, Ana C.S. Valls, Mauricio R. Bogo, Francisco M. Salzano, David Glenn Smith, Wilson A. Silva, Marco A. Zago, Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Sidney E.B. Santos, Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, and Sandro L.Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (pdf). American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583-592. http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Fagundes-et-al.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
- ^ "Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Native Americans". PLoS Genetics. 2007. p. 3(11). http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0030185. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
References
- Hann, John H. "The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them", in McEwan, Bonnie G. ed. The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1993. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5.
- Hahn, John H. A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1996. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7.
- Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513-1763. University Press of Florida. ISBN0-8130-2645-8
- Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Bruce G. Trigger, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast. Volume 15. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ASIN B000NOYRRA.
- Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. ISBN 0-16-072300-0.
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| Pre-Columbian Civilizations and Cultures | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Americas | Paleo-Indians · Archaeology of the Americas · Indigenous American Genetics · Indigenous peoples of the Americas | |||
| North America | North American pre-Columbian cultures | |||
| Mesoamerica | Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology – Capacha – Chichimeca – Cholula – Coclé – Epi-Olmec – Huastec – Izapa – Mixtec – Olmec – Pipil – Shaft tomb tradition&Teuchitlan – Tarascan – Teotihuacán – Tlatilco – Toltec – Totonac – Veracruz – Xochipala – Zapotec | |||
| South America | South American Indigenous people – pre-Columbian chronology – Cañaris – Chachapoya – Chancay – Chavín – Chimu – El Abra – Hydraulic culture of mounds (Bolivia) – Las Vegas – Lima – La Tolita (Tumaco) – Manteño-Guancavilca – Mapuche – Moche – Mollo – Muisca (Chibchas) – Nariño – Nazca – Norte Chico – Quimbaya – San Agustin – Shuar – Sican – Taino – Tairona – Tiwanaku – Tierradentro – Valdivia – Wari | |||
| The Aztec Empire | The Maya civilization | The Inca Empire (Inca civilisation) |
||
| Language | Nahuatl language | Mayan languages | Quechua | |
| Writing | Aztec writing | Mayan writing | Quipu | |
| Religion | Aztec religion | Maya religion | Inca religion | |
| Mythology | Aztec mythology | Maya mythology | Inca mythology | |
| Calendar | Aztec calendar | Maya calendar | ||
| Society | Aztec society | Maya society | Inca society | |
| Infrastructure | Chinampas | Maya architecture | Inca architecture (road system) Incan agriculture |
|
| History | Aztec history | Inca history | ||
| People | Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitlahuac Cuauhtémoc |
Pacal the Great Tecun Uman |
Manco Capac Pachacutec Atahualpa Manco Inca |
|
| Conquest | Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (Hernán Cortés) |
Spanish conquest of Yucatán (Francisco de Montejo) Spanish conquest of Guatemala (Pedro de Alvarado) |
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire (Francisco Pizarro) |
|
| See also | ||||
| Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America – Columbian exchange – Mesoamerican writing systems – Native American cuisine – Native American pottery – Population history of American indigenous peoples – Pre-Columbian art – Painting in the Americas before Colonization | ||||
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