Collision theory: Definition from Answers.com

The Collision theory, proposed by Max Trautz^[1] and William Lewis in 1916 and 1918, qualitatively explains how chemical reactions occur and why reaction rates differ for different reactions.^[2] This theory is based on the idea that reactant particles must collide for a reaction to occur, but only a certain fraction of the total collisions have the energy to connect effectively and cause the reactants to transform into products. This is because only a portion of the molecules have enough energy and the right orientation (or "angle") at the moment of impact to break any existing bonds and form new ones. The minimal amount of energy needed for this to occur is known as activation energy. Particles from different elements react with each other by releasing activation energy as they hit each other. If the elements react with each other, the collision is called successful, but if the concentration of at least one of the elements is too low, there will be fewer particles for the other elements to react with and the reaction will happen much more slowly. As temperature increases, the average kinetic energy and speed of the molecules increases but this only slightly increases the number of collisions. The rate of the reaction increases with temperature increase because a higher fraction of the collisions overcome the activation energy.

Collision theory is closely related to chemical kinetics.

Reaction rate tends to increase with concentration - a phenomenon explained by collision theory

1 Rate constant
2 Quantitative insights
- 2.1 Derivation
- 2.2 Validity of the theory and steric factor
  - 2.2.1 Steric factor
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Rate constant

The rate constant for a bimolecular gas phase reaction, as predicted by collision theory is:

$k(T) = Z \rho \exp \left( \frac{-E_{a}}{RT} \right)$ .

Z is the collision frequency.^[3]
$\scriptstyle \rho$ is the steric factor.^[4]
E_a is the activation energy of the reaction.
T is the temperature.
R is gas constant.

And the collision frequency is: $Z = N_A^{2} \sigma_{AB} \sqrt \frac{8 k_B T}{\pi \mu_{AB}}$

N_A is Avogadro's number
σ_AB is the reaction cross section
k_B is Boltzmann's constant
μ_AB is the reduced mass of the reactants

Quantitative insights

Derivation

Consider the reaction:

A + B → C

In collision theory it is considered that two particles A and B will collide if their nuclei get closer than a certain distance. The area around a molecule A in which it can collide with an approaching B molecule is called the cross section (σ_AB) of the reaction and is, in principle, the area corresponding to a circle whose radius (r_AB) is the sum of the radii of both reacting molecules, which are supposed to be spherical. A moving molecule will therefore sweep a volume $\scriptstyle \pi r^{2}_{AB} c_A$ per second as it moves, where $\scriptstyle c_A$ is the average velocity of the particle.

From kinetic theory it is known that a molecule of A has an average velocity (different from root mean square velocity) of $c_A = \sqrt \frac{8 k_B T}{\pi m_A}$ , where $\scriptstyle k_B$ is Boltzmann constant and $\scriptstyle m_A$ is the mass of the molecule.

The solution of the two body problem states that two different moving bodies can be treated as one body which has the reduced mass of both and moves with the velocity of the center of mass, so, in this system $μ A B$ must be used instead of $m A$ .

Therefore, the total collision frequency,^[3] of all A molecules, with all B molecules, is:

$N_A^{2} \sigma_{AB} \sqrt \frac{8 k_B T}{\pi \mu_{AB}}[A][B] =N_A^{2} r^{2}_{AB} \sqrt \frac{8 \pi k_B T}{ \mu_{AB}}[A][B] = Z [A][B]$

From Maxwell Boltzmann distribution it can be deduced that the fraction of collisions with more energy than the activation energy is $e^{\frac{-E_a}{k_BT}}$ . Therefore the rate of a bimolecular reaction for ideal gases will be:

$r = Z \rho [A][B] \exp \left( \frac{-E_{a}}{RT} \right)$

Where:

Z is the collision frequency.
$\scriptstyle \rho$ is the steric factor, which will be discussed in detail in the next section.
E_a is the activation energy of the reaction.
T is the absolute temperature.
R is gas constant.

The product Zρ is equivalent to the preexponential factor of the Arrhenius equation.

Validity of the theory and steric factor

Once a theory is formulated, its validity must be tested, that is, compare its predictions with the results of the experiments.

When the expression form of the rate constant is compared with the rate equation for an elementary bimolecular reaction, $\scriptstyle r =k(T) [A][B]$ , it is noticed that $k(T) = N_A^{2} \sigma_{AB} \sqrt \frac{8 k_B T}{\pi m_A} \exp \left( \frac{-E_{a}}{RT} \right)$ .

That expression is similar to the Arrhenius equation, and gives the first theoretical explanation for the Arrhenius equation on a molecular basis. The weak temperature dependence of the preexponential factor is so small compared to the exponential factor that it cannot be measured experimentally, that is, "it is not feasible to establish, on the basis of temperature studies of the rate constant, whether the predicted T^½ dependence of the preexponential factor is observed experimentally"

Steric factor

If the values of the predicted rate constants are compared with the values of known rate constants it is noticed that collision theory fails to estimate the constants correctly and the more complex the molecules are, the more it fails. The reason for this is that particles have been supposed to be spherical and able to react in all directions; that is not true, as the orientation of the collisions is not always the right one. For example in the hydrogenation reaction of ethylene the H₂ molecule must approach the bonding zone between the atoms, and only a few of all the possible collisions fulfill this requirement.

A new concept must be introduced: the steric factor, $ρ$ . It is defined as the ratio between the experimental value and the predicted one (or the ratio between the frequency factor and the collision frequency, and it is most often less than unity.^[4] $\rho = \frac{A_{observed}}{Z_{calculated}}$

Usually, the more complex the reactant molecules, the lower the steric factor. Nevertheless, some reactions exhibit steric factors greater than unity: the harpoon reactions, which involve atoms that exchange electrons, producing ions. The deviation from unity can have different causes: the molecules are not spherical, so different geometries are possible; not all the kinetic energy is delivered into the right spot; the presence of a solvent (when applied to solutions), etc.

Experimental rate constants compared to the ones predicted by collision theory for gas phase reactions
Reaction	A (Azra frequency factor)	Z (collision frequency)	Steric factor
2ClNO → 2Cl + 2NO	9.4 10⁹	5.9 10¹⁰	0.16
2ClO → Cl₂ + O₂	6.3 10⁷	2.5 10¹⁰	2.3 10^-3
H₂ + C₂H₄ → C₂H₆	1.24 10⁶	7.3 10¹¹	1.7 10^-6
Br₂ + K → KBr + Br	10¹²	2.1 10¹¹	4.3

Collision theory can be applied to reactions in solution; in that case, the solvent cage has an effect on the reactant molecules and several collisions can take place in a single encounter, which leads to predicted preexponential factors being too large. ρ values greater than unity can be attributed to favorable entropic contributions.

Experimental rate constants compared to the ones predicted by collision theory for reactions in solution^[5]
Reaction	Solvent	A 10^-11	Z 10^-11	Steric factor
C₂H₅Br + OH^-	C₂H₅OH	4.30	3.86	1.11
C₂H₅O^- + CH₃I	C₂H₅OH	2.42	1.93	1.25
ClCH₂CO₂^- + OH^-	water	4.55	2.86	1.59
C₃H₆Br₂ + I^-	CH₃OH	1.07	1.39	0.77
HOCH₂CH₂Cl + OH^-	water	25.5	2.78	9.17
4-CH₃C₆H₄O^- + CH₃I	ethanol	8.49	1.99	4.27
CH₃(CH₂)₂Cl + I^-	(CH₃)₂CO	0.085	1.57	0.054
C₅H₅N + CH₃I	C₂H₂Cl₄	-	-	2.0 10^-6

References

^ Trautz, Max. Das Gesetz der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und der Gleichgewichte in Gasen. Bestätigung der Additivität von Cv-3/2R. Neue Bestimmung der Integrationskonstanten und der Moleküldurchmesser, Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, Volume 96, Issue 1, Pages 1 - 28, 1916, [1]
^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "collision theory". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
^ ^a ^b International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "collision frequency". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
^ ^a ^b International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "steric factor". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
^ Moelwyn-Hughes

External links

Introduction to Collision Theory

v • d • e Basic reaction mechanisms

Nucleophilic substitution	Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S_N1) · Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S_N2) · Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S_NAr) · Nucleophilic internal substitution (S_Ni)

Elimination reaction	Unimolecular elimination (E1) · E1cB elimination reaction · Bimolecular elimination (E2)

Related topics	Elementary reaction · Molecularity · Stereochemistry · Catalysis · Collision theory · Solvent effects · Arrow pushing

Chemical kinetics	Rate equation · Rate-determining step

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