Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line
Stations and structures
Legend Line 2651 0,0 Cologne Rhein (Hohenzollernbrücke) 1,1 0,0 Cologne Messe/Deutz 1.2 Cologne Gummersbacher Str. Extension of HSL planned 2.2 Cologne-Kalk 3.9 Cologne Vingst 4.5 Cologne Airport Northwest Airport loop (Strecke 2691) 7.6 Cologne-Frankfurter Str. (to S-Bahn) 7.8 Cologne Steinstraße 8.1 10.0 Temporary start of HSL 10.3 Schloss-Röttgen-Tunnel (1.047 m) 13.2 Airport Tunnel (4.210 m) 15.3 Cologne/Bonn Airport 17.4 18.5 Cologne Porz-Wahn Nord 19.5 15.6 Cologne Porz-Wahn Bft Süd BAB 59 20.1 Troisdorf-Tunnel (627 m) 26.3 Bf Siegburg/Bonn 27.4 Siegauen Tunnel (2,502 m) Hasenpohl Viaduct (127 m) 39.2 Ittenbach Tunnel (1,145 m) Landschaftsbrücke cut and cover (255 m) Logebach Viaduct (173 m) 41.3 Aegidienberg Tunnel (1,240 m) Kluse cut and cover (200 m) Kochenbachtalbrücke (150 m) 44.5 Rottbitze Tunnel (990 m) Windhagen Fly-over (400 m) Fischerhaus Viaduct (344 m) 48.6 Günterscheid Tunnel (1,130 m) Hallerbach Viaduct (992 m) Wied Viaduct (387 m) 53.0 Ammerich Tunnel (755 m) 53.8 Fernthal Tunnel (1,555 m) 58.8 Dasbach Viaduct (218 m) 61.7 Üst Willroth 75.6 Kutscheid Viaduct (67 m) 76.4 Deesen Tunnel (338 m) 78.2 Deesener-Wald Tunnel (1,270 m) 83.8 Dernbacher Tunnel (3,305 m) from Siershahn 89.1 Montabaur railway station to Limburg 89.9 Himmelberg Tunnel (2,395 m) 92.5 Wahnscheid Tunnel (735 m) 93.3 Dickheck Tunnel (570 m) Eisenbach Viaduct (138 m) 94.1 Eichheide Tunnel (1,750 m) Wiesengrund Viaduct (338 m) Eichen-Diekenscheid Tunnel (400 m) 97.5 Lange-Issel Tunnel (1,015 m) 100.4 Elzer-Berg Tunnel (1,110 m) 106.8 Limburger Tunnel (2,395 m) Lahn viaduct (438 m) 110.5 Limburg Süd railway station 113.0 Üst Lindenholzhausen Wörsbach Viaduct (528 m) Hessenweiler overpass (368 m) Roter-Graben Viaduct (132 m) Wallbach Viaduct (534 m) 130.6 Wörsdorf Flyover (525 m) 133.8 Idsteiner Tunnel (2,069 m) 137.0 Üst Idstein 138.0 Niedernhausener Tunnel (2,765 m) 141.6 Theiß Viaduct (484 m) 142.9 Hellenberg Tunnel (552 m) 145.4 Schulwald Tunnel (4,500 m) 151.4 Breckenheimer Tunnel (1,150 m) 152.5 Breckenheim toward Wiesbaden Wiesbaden branch (Strecke 3509) Wandersmann Nord (1,145 m/1,090 m) Wandersmann Süd (795 m) Overpass Wiesbaden-Erbenheim (316 m) 13.2 Wiesbaden Hbf 155,0 BridgeBAB A66 (120 m) Main Bridge (324 m) Ticona Bridge (167 m) 161.5 Raunheim Caltex towards Kelsterbach 162.1 Caltex Bridge (351 m) 163.4 Raunheim Mönchhof from Mainz 167.1 Kelsterbacher Spange (994 m) 169.3/0,5 Frankfurt Airport Station 170.3 Frankfurter Kreuz (Sportfeld Curve, 1.886 m) (Zeppelinheim Curve, 1.632 m) 4.8 Zeppelinheim, towards Mannheim 171.4 Üst Frankfurter Kreuz to Riedbahn, towards Gernsheim Mainbahn, towards Mainz 173.6 Frankfurt Stadium End of high-speed line Continuation toward Frankfurt Hbf

The Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line (in German: Neubaustrecke Köln-Rhein/Main) is a 177 km long railway line in Germany, connecting the cities of Cologne and Frankfurt. Its route follows the Bundesautobahn 3 for the greater part. The line's grades of up to four percent require trains with a high power-to-weight ratio which is currently only met by third-generation InterCityExpress trains. It was constructed between 1995 and 2002 at a total cost of € 6 billion according to Deutsche Bahn.

Operational use

The line starts in Cologne at the Abzweig Köln-Steinstraße in the Cologne borough of Porz. Whilst the connection loop to Cologne-Bonn Airport, the Cologne Airport loop, is technically not a part of the high-speed line, it was built as a part of the general refurbishments in the Cologne area due to the line, and hence is generally regarded as part of the project. The line has four stations, Siegburg/Bonn, Montabaur, Limburg Süd and Frankfurt Airport. The line is equipped for speeds up to 300 km/h between Siegburg and Frankfurt, closely following the A3 autobahn.

History

The former Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) began planning for a network of high-speed lines for both passenger and freight trains in the 1960s. The 1973 federal transport plan included a high-speed line between Cologne and Groß-Gerau (near Frankfurt), as well as between Hanover and Würzburg and between Mannheim and Stuttgart. This plan envisaged that mixed traffic would require:

• maximum grade of 1.25% (occasionally 2.0%)
• curves with small superelevation and minimum radii of 4,800 m to 7,000 m
• maximum line speed of 250 to 300 km/h

These specifications would be difficult to achieve either near the traditional Rhine valley route, which follows an entrenched meander, or along DB's preferred route next to the A3, which has long and steep climbs and descents. The second federal transport plan in 1985 (which was drawn up when the first TGV line had been operating for four years) included a passenger train-only railway, which meant that much steeper grades would be acceptable. The technical standards adopted were:

• maximum grade : 4.0%
• minimum radius : 3,350 m
• maximum speed : 300 km/h (186 mph)

DB negotiated with the states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse over the route. Each state had objections to the bypassing of the cities on the Rhine, particularly Bonn, Andernach, Koblenz, Mainz and Wiesbaden and four other routes were examined that passed through some of these. No agreement was reached and the Federal Cabinet agreed on 20 December 1989 to a recommendation of the Transport Minister to adopt the A3 route and, among other things, to include a station at Limburg.^[1]

DB then consulted with the states and community groups over the details of the route. In North Rhine-Westphalia there was considerable debate over the location of the station to serve the Bonn area and on how to serve the Cologne-Bonn Airport. DB decided that the station would be built at Siegburg and that a separate, double line would connect Cologne and the high-speed line to the south with Cologne-Bonn airport for the S-Bahn and ICE traffic. In Rhineland-Palatinate, DB decided that a station would be built north of Montabaur only 21 km north of Limburg Sud, partly to serve Koblenz via the A48, and to reroute a local railway through it.

In Hesse, DB decided to build the Limburg station south of the town at its current location on cost grounds, even though this prevented a connection to the Lahn valley line, which would have provided a connection to Koblenz and Gießen. Options for connections to Wiesbaden were examined in detail, including routing the line through its eastern outskirts. DB eventually agreed to a double-line spur to Wiesbaden along the A66. Options for connections to Frankfurt Airport, the line to Frankfurt central station and to the Riedbahn (the line to Mannheim). It was decided that routing the line into the existing Frankfurt Airport station (now known as the regional station) with two 400 m-long tracks and a 200 m-long track would not be adequate, even if expanded to four or five tracks. DB decided that a separate station across the A3 from the old station would be required and that the line would go on to connect to the Riedbahn both northbound (towards Frankfurt) and southbound (towards Mannheim). DB dropped a proposal for a connection at Westerburg to the Wiesbaden-Frankfurt railway to allow some trains to avoid the airport station to go directly to Frankfurt central station.^[2]

Planning

Although the route as set out above was adopted under the federal railway development law on 15 November 1993, the last legal challenge to the project was not resolved until September 1998.^[3] In the meantime DB decided to reduce the minimum radius of curves to 3,320 meters and increased the maximum super-elevation of the track to 180 mm (to follow the A3 more closely), reduced the spacing between tracks from 4.70 to 4.50 m (to save space) and increased the area of tunnel cross-sections from 82 to 92 m² (to allow higher speeds for converging trains). The route as finally designed was intended to allow trains to cover the distance between Cologne and Frankfurt in 58 minutes,^[4] although the current fastest time is 70 minutes, due to uncompleted work at rail junctions in Cologne and Frankfurt.^[5]

Construction

The construction of the route began on 13 December 1995 with the turning of the first sod at the Frankfurter Kreuz autobahn junction and the last dispute over the route was settled in May 1997. On 13 May Federal Minister of Transport Matthias Wissmann in Siegburg turned the first sod in North Rhine-Westphalia.^[6] The last section to commence construction was the Schloss-Röttgen tunnel on the Cologne-Bonn airport loop, which was required in the settlement of a law case: work on it commenced in December 2000. The first section completed was the new Frankfurt airport station, which went into operation on 30 May 1999.

The opening of the whole route, which had originally been planned for 1999, took place after numerous court challenges and geological problems, at the end of July 2002.^[7] The last tracks of the route in the Schulwald tunnel were installed on 10 July 2001.^[7] In the same month the first trips with diesel locomotives were run to adjust the height of the overhead electric lines on the southern section. On 22 October 2001 for the first time an ICE 3 ran on the line, on a 37 km long section between Frankfurt airport and Idstein.^[8]

During construction, traffic on the neighbouring A3 was significantly affected and up to 48 building sites with a reduced maximum speed of 100 km/h were operating simultaneously on the autobahn. Up to 15,000 people were employed on the construction of the railway line. 7.5 million m³ of earth was removed during the tunnel construction and approximately three million m³ concrete were poured. 1,400 miners were hired and 13 people died in accidents in the building of the tunnels.^[7]

Opening and start-up

The symbolic opening of the line took place on 25 July 2002 with a special train carrying approximately 700 honoured guests. On 1 August 2002, the first passenger services commenced, originally with a two-hourly service and later with an hourly service. In December 2002, the full service commenced, integration into the European timetable,^[1] although there were many disruptions to services in the first few months due to technical failures.

On 13 June 2004 the Cologne-Bonn airport loop was put into service. At the end of September 2004 the Siegburg/Bonn station was finally completed.

Route

In Cologne ICE trains follow three paths to reach the high-speed line:

• from the north (Düsseldorf or Wuppertal), running via the low-level of |Cologne Messe/Deutz railway station (tracks 11 and 12) − thi