Constructive notice

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Constructive notice is a legal fiction used in the law of both common law and civil law systems to signify that a person or entity is legally presumed to have knowledge of something, even if they have no actual knowledge of it.

Intellectual property

For example, one benefit of registering a trademark with the federal government of the United States is that the registration gives nationwide constructive notice that the trademark is owned by the registrant. Therefore, if another entity uses the mark, they will be treated as though they knew their use of it was a trademark infringement, even if they had no actual knowledge of the registration, or the registrant's use of the mark.

Real property

One of the most common examples of constructive notice is in the operation of the real estate recording laws. One of the purposes of these is to impart constructive notice of the contents of documents affecting the title that are recorded in the recorder's offices in the jurisdictions where the real estate lies.

In tort

Constructive notice can be used to impose liability for negligence in tort actions against landholder defendants. When there is no actual notice to a defendant of a hazardous condition, there may nevertheless be constructive notice. If the defendant would have been aware of the condition by being reasonably attentive, the defendant has constructive notice.

Service of process

Another common example of constructive notice is found in the law of civil procedure. Where a plaintiff files a lawsuit, but is unable to effect service of process on the defendant because the defendant is in hiding, or their whereabouts are unknown, most states permit the plaintiff to give constructive notice by either posting an announcement of the suit on property known to be owned by the defendant, or by publishing the notice in a local newspaper. Even if the defendant never sees the notice (or, at least, if it can not be proven that the defendant saw it), the court will go forward with the case as though the defendant was fully aware of the proceedings. In such a case, however, the defendant can later challenge the jurisdiction of the court to hear the case, at which time the plaintiff usually has to prove that he tried to effect service of process by other means, and was unable to do so. A "lis pendens" notice is a document filed in the public records which, according to the laws of many states, provides constructive notice of pending litigation which could affect title to the property.

Various forms of constructive notice have been challenged in the United States Supreme Court as violating due process. While the Court has generally upheld such practices, there have been some exceptions to this, such as in Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950), where the court held that notice must be "reasonably calculated" to reach known parties to a proceeding.