Così fan tutte (All women act that way) is the last of Mozart's three "da Ponte" operas -- those composed to libretti by
(the other two are Le nozze di Figaro and Don Giovanni). Long neglected and misunderstood, Così emerged from obscurity in the twentieth century and has come to be regarded as among the composer's finest, if also most problematic, works.
It has been assumed that the opera was commissioned by Emperor Joseph II, probably sometime during the summer of 1789. Coming as it did during a fallow period in Mozart's output, the work was a financial boon to him and allowed for the repayment of some debt. Little is known about the creation of the work, but the first rehearsal took place in Mozart's apartment on January 21, 1790, and the first performance was at the Burgtheater in Vienna five days later. This initial run was extremely brief, due to Joseph II's death after only five performances had been mounted; the closing of the Viennese theaters prevented any further performances until June.
Da Ponte's libretto is presumed to be an original work, but its numerous literary precedents included episodes in Ovid's
as well as da Ponte's own libretto for Martin y Soler's L'abore di Diana; the latter was written coincidentally with Così. Suggestions that the plot was based on actual events within Viennese society have not been substantiated. Two friends, Ferrando and Guglielmo, wager with Don Alfonso that their lovers, Fiordiligi and Dorabella, will remain constant in their absence. To prove the point, they depart under false pretenses and return as "Albanians" who try to woo the women away.
The libretto has long been considered flimsy, misogynistic, immoral, and dramatically unresolvable. However, any judgement of the opera as a whole must take account of Mozart's exceedingly fine and deeply interesting score. Through music, Fiordiligi transcends her role as the victim of cruel manipulation, revealing a complex personality that is sincere, capable of growth, and inarguably sympathetic. In contrast, Guglielmo never progresses beyond concern for his own ego and interests; his music, fittingly, remains within the stock traditions of opera buffa. Each of the six characters receives an equally insightful portrait, and the ambigous nature of the ending (who actually loves whom?), while vexing to directors and audiences, can be seen as appropriate, given the emotional issues aired during the drama.
The marriage of Mozart's score and da Ponte's libretto represents the apotheosis of the opera buffa genre (making its setting in Naples -- the birthplace of the genre -- all the more appropriate) and embodies the best of the Classical era. Moments that, at first glance, seem transparent, formulaic, and impersonal become instead clarifying, organic, and genuinely inspired.
There is an unusually large number of vocal ensembles in the score, far more than are found in either Don Giovanni or Figaro. All of these highlight Mozart's unique fusion of symphonic techniques with lyrical expression. The best-known ensemble is undoubtedly the trio "Soave sia il vento," sung by Fiordiligi, Dorabella, and Don Alfonso, in which farce, grief, and the musical depiction of gentle waves are seamlessly combined to form one of opera's brightest gems. The finales of both acts are typically Mozartean in their complexity, ambition, and symphonic logic, and, especially in the case of the Act One finale, they are arguably finer than those composed for any other of his operas. The combination of logical, restrained structure and lyrical outpouring in these finales encapsulates Mozart's unique operatic voice. ~ Allen Schrott, All Music Guide
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| Diana Motague Sings Great Operatic Arias, Vol. 2 |
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1996 |
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2003 |
| Duets |
1999 |
| EMI Centenary Edition, Vol. 7 |
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| EMI Centenary Edition, Vol. 9 |
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| Elisabeth Grümmer: Recital |
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| Essential Mozart |
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| Essential Mozart Opera |
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| Essential Mozart: 32 Of His Greatest Masterpieces |
2001 |
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| Essential Opera 2 |
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| Everybody's Mozart: Highlights from The Magic Flute; Così fan Tutte |
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| Fresh |
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| Graziella Sciutti: The Studio Recitals, 1953, 1955, 1956 |
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| Great Conductors of the 20th Century: Karl Böhm |
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| Great Mozart Singers, Vol. 2: Opera Arias 1949-1960 |
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| Great Mozart Singers, Vol. 3: Opera Arias 1961-1982 |
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| Great Opera Heroines |
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| Great Opera Tenors: Alfredo Kraus |
2000 |
| Great Operatic Arias |
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| Great Operatic Arias: Bruce Ford, Vol. 2 |
2003 |
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| Greatest Arias |
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| Incontri memorabilia, Vol. 27: Teresa Stich Randall; Sesto Bruscantini |
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2007 |
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1997 |
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2003 |
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2007 |
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1999 |
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2009 |
| Luciano Pavarotti: Anniversary Edition |
2005 |
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2007 |
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| Léopold Simoneau & Pierrette Alarie, Vol. 1 |
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2004 |
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2003 |
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| Masters of the Opera, 1642-1843, Vol. 1-5 (Box Set) |
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2006 |
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2006 |
| Mozart Almanac, Vol. 18 (1790) |
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1996 |
| Mozart Collection: 100 Masterpieces (Box Set) |
2000 |
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2005 |
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2005 |
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2007 |
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| Mozart Masterpieces, Vol. 5: Overtures, Choruses, Arias and Songs |
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1998 |
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1994 |
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| Mozart, Dvorak, Puccini and others |
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| Mozart, Schubert: Opera & Concert Arias [Hybrid SACD] |
2004 |
| Mozart: 12 Overtures |
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| Mozart: 4 Overtures; Eine kleine Nachtmusik; Haydn: Symphony No. 104 |
2002 |
| Mozart: 7 Overtures; Serenata Notturna |
1994 |
| Mozart: 8 Overtures; 3 German Dances; Leopold Mozart: Toy Symphony |
1997 |
| Mozart: Airas & Overtures [Hybrid SACD] |
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| Mozart: Arias |
1991 |
| Mozart: Arias & Duets |
2003 |
| Mozart: Arias and Duets |
1991 |
| Mozart: Arias and Orchestral Music |
2003 |
| Mozart: Arias from "Così Fan Tutte" and "Don Giovanni" |
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| Mozart: Arias; Overtures |
2001 |
| Mozart: Arie e Duetti |
2006 |
| Mozart: Arien |
2004 |
| Mozart: Complete Works, Vol. 9 - Operas, Disc 38 |
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| Mozart: Complete Works, Vol. 9 - Operas, Disc 39 |
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| Mozart: Complete Works, Vol. 9 - Operas, Disc 40 |
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| Mozart: Concert Arias & Operatic Arias |
1998 |
| Mozart: Cosi fan tutte [Highlights] |
1994 |
| Mozart: Così Fan Tutte (Highlights) |
1995 |
| Mozart: Così fan tutte |
1988 |
| Mozart: Così fan tutte (Highlights) |
1992 |
| Mozart: Così fan tutte Overture; Symphonies Nos. 25, 29, 31; Adagio & Fugue |
2000 |
| Mozart: Così fan tutte [Highlights] |
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| Mozart: Così fan tutte, K. 588 (Highlights) |
1995 |
| Mozart: Così fan tutte; La Clemenza di Tito (Transcriptions for Wind Octet) |
1990 |
| Mozart: Don Giovanni |
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| Mozart: Don Giovanni K527; Zauberflöte K620 |
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| Mozart: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik; Overtures |
1990 |
| Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik No13; Nozze di Figaro K492 |
1995 |
| Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik; Overtures |
1982 |
| Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik; Overtures; 6 German Dances |
1991 |
| Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik; Serenata Notturna; Clarinet Concerto; Flute and Harp Concerto |
1995 |
| Mozart: Famous Arias |
1991 |
| Mozart: Famous Opera Arias |
1995 |
| Mozart: Famous Opera Choruses |
1995 |
| Mozart: Famous Overtures |
1993 |
| Mozart: Famous Overtures/Beethoven: Famous Overtures |
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| Mozart: Great Opera Moments II |
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| Mozart: Greatest Hits |
1991 |
| Mozart: Harmonie Musiken |
2006 |
| Mozart: Harmoniemusik from His Late Operas [Hybrid SACD] |
2007 |
| Mozart: Highlights from Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni & Cosi fan tutte |
2000 |
| Mozart: His Greatest Masterpieces (Box Set) |
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| Mozart: K.550/K.525/K.239/Overtures |
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| Mozart: L'Enlèvement au Sérail |
1998 |
| Mozart: Late Symphonies |
1999 |
| Mozart: Le Nozze di Figaro, K192 |
1999 |
| Mozart: Le Nozze di Figaro; Overtures |
1997 |
| Mozart: Magic Flute, etc. |
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| Mozart: Nozze di Figaro K492; Don Giovanni K527 |
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| Mozart: Opera & Concert Arias |
1984 |
| Mozart: Opera & Concert Arias; Requiem, K626 |
1991 |
| Mozart: Opera Arias |
1996 |
| Mozart: Opera Excerpts |
1996 |
| Mozart: Opera Gala |
2002 |
| Mozart: Opera Highlights |
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| Mozart: Opera Highlights/Famous Overtures |
1995 |
| Mozart: Opera Overtures; Haydn: Symphony No. 96 |
1996 |
| Mozart: Opera and Concert Arias |
1998 |
| Mozart: Opera; Piano Concerti |
2006 |
| Mozart: Operas Ouvertures |
2006 |
| Mozart: Operatic Overtures |
1994 |
| Mozart: Ouvertures |
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| Mozart: Ouvertures Célèbres; Symphonie No. 29 |
1990 |
| Mozart: Overtures |
2009 |
| Mozart: Overtures, Scenes & Arias from the Da Ponte Operas |
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| Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 21; Overtures |
1990 |
| Mozart: Popular Music from Film |
2005 |
| Mozart: Premium Edition, Vol. 13 |
1994 |
| Mozart: Premium Edition, Vol. 15 |
1994 |
| Mozart: Tenor Arias |
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| Mozart: The Great Symphonies |
2003 |
| Mozart: The Greatest Hits |
2002 |
| Mozart: The Magic Flute |
2000 |
| Mozart: The Most Beautiful Opera Arias |
1994 |
| Mozart: The Supreme Operatic Recordings |
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| Mozart: Wind Serenades |
1990 |
| Music for Two Cellos |
2002 |
| Musica Para Bebes: Mozart |
2002 |
| Nature of Music, Vol. 1: Morning Music Dawn to Day |
2001 |
| Nicolai Gedda, The First Ten Years 1952-1962 |
1995 |
| Night at the Opera I: Mozart |
1998 |
| No. 1 Mozart Album |
2003 |
| O Isis und Osiris: Ensemble 11 Plays Mozart |
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| Oberon |
1998 |
| Oliver Widmer Portrait |
1999 |
| Only Mozart Album You Will Ever Need |
2004 |
| Only Opera CD You'll Ever Need |
1997 |
| Opera 2009 |
2009 |
| Opera Arias |
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| Opera Assist |
1996 |
| Opera At The Movies |
1994 |
| Opera Classics |
1993 |
| Opera Collection I |
1992 |
| Opera Concert Ballet 07 [DVD Video] |
2007 |
| Opera Divas |
1995 |
| Opera Fantasy |
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| Opera Gala [Box Set] |
2008 |
| Opera Heroes Series |
1997 |
| Opera Highlights |
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| Opera Highlights: The Collector's Edition [Box Set] |
2007 |
| Opera Obsession! Act II - Opera d'Oro's Greatest Hits |
2003 |
| Opera Overtures |
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| Opera Pearls |
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| Opera at the Movies [1995] |
1995 |
| Opera at the Movies [1997] |
1997 |
| Opera for Pleasure: Mozart's Così fan tutte [Highlights] |
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| Opera's Greatest Moments: Favorite Arias and Choruses |
2005 |
| Opera-Passion 1 |
1987 |
| Opera: New Generation |
2007 |
| Opera: The Greatest Moments Ever |
2006 |
| Operamania (Box Set) |
1994 |
| Operamania, Vol. 3 |
1994 |
| Operatically Incorrect |
1997 |
| Operngala |
1993 |
| Over 50 Most Treasured Melodies |
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| Overtures, Dances & Marches |
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| Panorama: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Vol. 3 |
2001 |
| Partners in Life and Music |
2005 |
| Pavarotti Edition [Box Set] |
2001 |
| Pavarotti Edition: Arias, Vol. 1 |
2001 |
| Pavarotti and Levine in Recital [DVD Video] |
1988 |
| Pavarotti's Opera Made Easy |
1994 |
| Pavarotti's Opera Made Easy-My Favorite Mozart |
1994 |
| Pavarotti: The Three Concerts [DVD Video] [Box Set] |
2007 |
| Peter Schreier's Legendary Recordings [Box Set] |
2005 |
| Peter Schreier: Arien aus Opern |
1995 |
| Peter Schreier: Vom Knabenalt Zum Lyrischen Tenor (From Boy Alto To Lyric Tenor) |
1995 |
| Philips and Decca Recordings, 1961-1979 (Limited Edition) [Box Set] |
2003 |
| Phyllis Curtin Opera Arias |
1997 |
| Piano Transcriptions |
1997 |
| Platinum Collection [EMI Bonus Tracks] |
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| Popera |
2005 |
| Poulenc: Flute Sonata |
1995 |
| Prima Diva |
1994 |
| Prima Voce: Lilli Lehmann |
2005 |
| Prima Voce: Rolando Panerai |
2008 |
| Pure Domingo |
1996 |
| Pure Opera |
2007 |
| Queen of Mozart-Hellen Kwon: Mozart Opera Arias |
1996 |
| RCA MET 100 Singers, 100 Years |
1984 |
| Rapture: Opera's Most Heavenly Moments |
2002 |
| Recital |
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| Recital at Carnegie Hall, November 25, 1956 |
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| Recital: Frederica von Stade |
1995 |
| Regine Crespin: Ses Plus Grands Rôles |
1996 |
| Reich mir die Hand, mein Leben |
1996 |
| Relaxing Opera |
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| René... By Himself [Includes DVD] |
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| Renée Doria |
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| Renée Fleming by Request |
2003 |
| Reyhaldo Hahn |
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| Romantica: The Very Best of Luciano Pavarotti |
2002 |
| Rudolf Schock |
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| Régine Crespin sur scène |
2002 |
| Schubert, Auber, Mendelssohn and others... |
1997 |
| Schwarzkopf Edition [Box Set] |
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| Serenade |
1999 |
| Serene and Sublime: Mozart's Most Relaxing Melodies |
2006 |
| Simply the Best Night at the Opera |
1999 |
| Singers of the Century |
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| Soloists of the Royal Swedish Opera |
1996 |
| Song in My Heart |
2007 |
| Sopranos: Opera Arias and Songs |
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| Stand-Up Opera |
1995 |
| Stars Of International Opera |
1999 |
| Stars of English Opera in the 1930s & '40s |
1995 |
| Stars: A Night at the Opera |
1997 |
| Super Estrellas de la Opera |
1999 |
| Suzanne Danco |
2001 |
| TV Commercial Classics |
2008 |
| Tenor Arias |
1996 |
| Teresa Berganza |
2001 |
| The #1 Opera Album |
2000 |
| The 1st Classical Promenade |
2007 |
| The 99 Most Essential Mozart Masterpieces |
|
| The A-Z of Mozart Opera |
2007 |
| The Art of Christa Ludwig [Box Set] |
2008 |
| The Art of Cora Canne Miejer in Opera |
2000 |
| The Art of Erna Spoorenberg in Opera |
2001 |
| The Art of Lotte Schöne, 1924-31 |
|
| The Art of Pilar Lorengar |
2003 |
| The Best Of Lesley Garrett |
2004 |
| The Best Opera Album in the World...Ever! |
1996 |
| The Best of German Opera |
2005 |
| The Best of Kathleen Battle |
2004 |
| The Best of Kiri Te Kanawa |
1999 |
| The Best of Mozart |
1991 |
| The Best of Opera Vol. 2 |
1990 |
| The Best of Opera, Vol. 4 |
2000 |
| The Best of Opera, Vol. 5 |
2000 |
| The Best of the Complete Mozart Edition (Box Set) |
1995 |
| The Classic 100 Mozart: The Top 10 & Selected Highlights |
2008 |
| The Classic 100 Opera: The Top 10 & Selected Highlights |
2008 |
| The Classic 100 [Box Set] |
2008 |
| The Classic 100, Vol. 2 |
2008 |
| The Classic 100: The Ultimate Top 10 Collection [Box Set] |
2008 |
| The Compactothèque [Book + CD] |
2000 |
| The Complete Aksel Schiøtz Recordings, 1933-1946 [Box Set] |
2007 |
| The Cook and the Chef: Our Favourite Music |
2009 |
| The Earliest Recordings, 1946-1954 |
|
| The Early Operatic Recordings, 1929-1938 |
|
| The Early Recordings |
|
| The Essential Leontyne Price |
1996 |
| The Essential Leontyne Price:Her Greatest Roles |
1998 |
| The Essential Pavarotti |
2007 |
| The Golden Age of Singing, Vol. 4; 1930-1950 |
2001 |
| The Great Composers: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [DVD + 2 CDs] |
|
| The Incomparable Heddle Nash |
|
| The King of Belcanto |
|
| The Legendary Dame Janet Baker |
2003 |
| The Love Collection (Box Set) |
1996 |
| The Most Popular Classics, Vol.4 |
|
| The Most Relaxing Opera Album in the World...Ever! |
2005 |
| The Mozart Album |
2009 |
| The Mozart Collection [Box Set] |
|
| The Mozart Experience |
1998 |
| The Mozart Tenor |
1989 |
| The Opera Album 2002 |
2002 |
| The Opera Album, 2002 |
|
| The Opera Band |
2003 |
| The Opera Band [Special Edition] |
2003 |
| The Opera Collection |
|
| The Peoples Guide to Opera 1 [Box Set] |
1999 |
| The Peoples Guide to Opera 2 |
2000 |
| The Recital |
1999 |
| The Record of Singing, Vol. 4 |
1991 |
| The Record of Singing, Vol. 4: From 1939 to the End of the 78 Era [Box Set] |
1991 |
| The Record of Singing, Vol. 5 |
2009 |
| The Telarc Collection, Vol. 10 |
1994 |
| The Three Sopranos |
2007 |
| The Ultimate Aria Collection |
1998 |
| The Ultimate Mozart Album: Mozart's Greatest Love Songs |
2000 |
| The Ultimate Opera Collection |
1992 |
| The Ultimate Opera Collection 2 |
1993 |
| The Very Best of Alfredo Kraus |
2005 |
| The Very Best of Christa Ludwig |
2003 |
| The Very Best of Elisabeth Schwarzkopf |
2003 |
| The Very Best of Fritz Wunderlich |
2003 |
| The Very Best of Glyndebourne on Record [Box Set] |
2009 |
| The Very Best of Lucia Popp |
2003 |
| The Very Best of Mozart |
2005 |
| The Very Best of Placido Domingo |
2003 |
| The Viennese Nightingale [Box Set] |
2003 |
| The Voice of Opera |
2003 |
| The Wind Serenades of Mozart |
2002 |
| The World of Mozart |
1991 |
| The World of Opera Favourites |
1995 |
| The World's Greatest Composers: Mozart [Collector's Edition Music Tin] |
2008 |
| The World's Greatest Composers: Mozart [Collector's Edition] |
2008 |
| The World's Most Treasured Melodies |
|
| The World's Most Treasured Melodies, Vol. 3 |
|
| The Yellow Guide: Opera |
1997 |
| Thomas Hampson: Operatic Scenes |
1995 |
| Tribute to Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt (1900-1973) |
2000 |
| Tutto Mozart |
2006 |
| Ultimate Classical Dreams [Box Set] |
2009 |
| Ultimate Opera [Box Set] |
2007 |
| Un moto di gioia [Hybrid SACD] |
2006 |
| Una Voce Per Clarone |
2005 |
| Una voce poco fa: A Portrait of Teresa Berganza |
2004 |
| Unforgettable Classics: Movies |
1995 |
| Unforgettable Classics: Mozart |
1995 |
| Unforgettable Classics: Overtures |
1997 |
| Utopie: Vlaamse Opera Seizoen 2008-09 |
2008 |
| Verdi, Donizetti, Mozart, Berlioz: Arias |
1987 |
| Verdi: Messa da Requiem |
|
| Vissi d'arte: The Magnificent Voice of Montserrat Caballé |
2003 |
| Vivarte: The First 10 Years |
|
| Vocal Music Of The 16th-18th Centuries |
1999 |
| Voice of Mozart |
2002 |
| W. A. Mozart |
2006 |
| W. A. Mozart: Overtures; 3 German Dances; Leopold Mozart: Toy Symphony |
1997 |
| Wagner, Mozart, Schubert and others |
|
| Ward: Stand-Up Opera |
1999 |
| Was hör ich, welche Klänge? |
1998 |
| Weber; Brahms; Strauss: for orchestra & in orchestra arrangements |
1996 |
| Wendy Hoffman |
|
| Where Shall I Fly |
1995 |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Ten-Disc Set) |
1991 |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Disc 1 |
1990 |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Life and Works |
2002 |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Premium Edition [Box Set] |
2006 |
| Wonderful Arias |
1999 |
| Your Favorite Mozart |
1996 |
| Yvonne Kenny Sings Great Operatic Arias, Vol. 2 |
2003 |
| Ópera de la A a la Z |
2000 |
