Daniel Brodhead

Daniel Brodhead (IV) (October 17, 1736 – November 15, 1809) was an American military and political leader during the American Revolutionary War and early days of the United States.

Early life

Brodhead was born in Marbletown, New York, the son of Daniel Brodhead (III) and Hester (Wyngart) Brodhead. Brodhead’s father moved his family to what is now East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1737. Life in the frontier settlement was difficult, and clashes between the settlers and native tribes were common. The Brodhead homestead was attacked by natives numerous times during Daniel’s youth.

Brodhead had a relatively unremarkable career before the Revolution. He farmed, ran a grist mill, and worked as a deputy surveyor for Pennsylvania. Brodhead married Elizabeth Dupui (Dupuy) in April 1756 and had two children.

In the years leading up to the outbreak of hostilities, Brodhead began to take part in the protest movements against British taxation. In 1774, Brodhead was elected to represent Bucks County at a provincial meeting held in Philadelphia on July 15, 1774.

American Revolution

In 1776, Brodhead was commissioned as an officer of the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment of colonial troops with the rank of lieutenant colonel. His first action came at the Battle of Long Island, where he was recognized by George Washington for his bravery and initiative. At the battle, Brodhead’s only son, also named Daniel, was wounded and captured. He was soon exchanged, but died of his wounds shortly after being released.

Brodhead took over command of the 8th Pennsylvania after the death of its commander, Aeneas Mackay, and was promoted to colonel. Brodhead led his troops during the defense of Philadelphia in 1777 and wintered with the Continental Army at Valley Forge in 1777–78.

In April 1778, Brodhead led a successful expedition against the native tribes around the Muskingum River in the Ohio Country. In June 1778, Washington sent Brodhead and the 8th Pennsylvania to rebuild and re-garrison the frontier outpost of Fort Muncy, in what is now Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. Brodhead defended local settlers from British-allied tribes.

Brodhead commanded the 8th Pennsylvania in Brig. Gen. Lachlan McIntosh’s failed attempt to capture the British stronghold of Fort Detroit. On March 5, 1779, Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander of the Western Department. His command included frontier forts such as Fort Pitt (present Pittsburgh), Fort McIntosh (Beaver, Pennsylvania), Fort Laurens (near Bolivar, Ohio), Fort Tuscarora (near Lisbon, Ohio), Fort Henry (Virginia) (Wheeling, West Virginia), Fort Armstrong (near Kittanning, Pennsylvania), and Fort Holliday’s Cove, along with dozens of lesser outposts. ^[1]

The Wyandot, Mingo, Shawnee, Seneca, and other native tribes allied to the British were raiding the frontier. In addition, Brodhead faced a tenuous alliance of tribes like the Oneida, British troops at Fort Detroit and other outposts, a large population of Tory sympathizing settlers, and a delicate truce with the powerful Lenape-Delaware tribe.

From his headquarters at Fort Pitt, Brodhead directed numerous raids against hostile native tribes, often leading the expeditions personally. His most famous raid came against the Seneca tribe between August 11 and September 14, 1779. Brodhead left Fort Pitt with a contingent of 605 soldiers and militia into the trackless wilderness of northwestern Pennsylvania. He followed the Allegheny River into New York driving the Seneca out. Most of the warriors were away fighting the Sullivan Expedition in New York, and Brodhead met little resistance in destroying the heart of the Seneca nation.

In 1781, the Lenape-Delawares ended their neutrality and sided with the British. Brodhead invaded their territory and destroyed the village of Coshocton in what is now east-central Ohio. As a result of Brodhead's campaign, the Delawares fled from eastern Ohio. ^[2]

He retained command of the Western Department until September 17, 1781, when he was replaced by General John Gibson. He had first turned over command in May 1781, but returned in August and tried to regain control from Gibson, in the process arresting Gibson. However George Washington sent orders which led to Broadhead's permanent removal from command at Fort Pitt.^[3] Broadhead was removed from his command over allegations of mishandling supplies and money. Brodhead had made impressment (the forced sale of supplies) a policy and he had spent money intended as bonuses to recruit new militiamen to purchase supplies for his troops. Brodhead was acquitted of all charges except misspending the recruiting money. George Washington had been aware of the impressment and had given his tacit approval. Furthermore, the court martial thought him justified in spending the recruiting money on supplies, and he was not punished.

A short time later, George Washington brevetted him a brigadier general. Brodhead spent the remainder of the war as commander of the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment.

Later life

After the war, Brodhead, by then a widower, married Rebecca Mifflin, the widow of General Samuel Mifflin. Brodhead was one of the founders of the Society of the Cincinnati. He later served in the Pennsylvania General Assembly. On November 13, 1789, he was appointed Surveyor General of Pennsylvania and held the post for the next eleven years.

He died at Milford, Pike County, Pennsylvania, and was buried in Milford.^[4]

References