Dean Rusk

For more information on David Dean Rusk, visit Britannica.com.

(b. Cherokee County, Georgia, 9 Feb. 1909; d. 20 Dec. 1994) US; Secretary of State 1961 – 9 Educated at Davidson College in North Carolina, Rusk was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University and taught government at Mills College in California 1934 – 40. After wartime service he embarked upon a career in the State Department, rising to the post of Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs in 1949. In 1952 he left the State Department to become president of the Rockefeller Foundation. Following the election of 1960, President Kennedy appointed him Secretary of State, a post which he held throughout the entire administrations of Kennedy and of President Johnson.

He took a strongly anti-Communist position. As Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs at the time of the Communist victory in China, he was virulently opposed to the Chinese Communists. Although critical of General Douglas MacArthur, he supported the invasion of North Korea led by MacArthur's United Nations forces in October 1950 in an attempt to overthrow the North Korean Communist regime.

As Secretary of State he was a consistent supporter of American involvement in the war in Vietnam. He argued that the lessons of appeasement in the 1930s taught that there must be no appeasement of the Communists in Vietnam, whom he viewed as puppets of the Chinese and Soviet Communists in the relentless forward drive of international Communism in its aim of world domination. In his general conduct of foreign policy, he played a quiet, diplomatically professional role. He was criticized by some of Kennedy's advisers for lack of imagination and an overly low-key style, and it was rumoured that Kennedy intended to replace him as Secretary of State after the 1964 election. Following Kennedy's assassination in 1963 and his succession by President Johnson, he became increasingly influential. As a fellow southerner, he was much closer to Johnson then he had been to Kennedy, some of whose advisers had derided him. Moreover, since Johnson lacked experience in foreign policy and was interested mainly in domestic affairs, the President relied on him for advice on foreign policy to a much greater extent than Kennedy, whose main interest had lain in foreign affairs. He supported the escalation of American involvement in Vietnam throughout Johnson's presidency and sought to reassure the President that this would eventually lead to success.

As an intellectual in politics with a courteous professional manner he won wide respect. Rigidities of thinking from the 1930s and 1940s, however, led him to dogmatic adherence to a disastrous policy in Vietnam, of which he was one of the principal architects. With the assistance of his son Richard Rusk he wrote his memoirs, As I Saw It (1990).

Rusk, Dean (1909-1994) U.S. secretary of state during the administrations of Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, and a stalwart defender of the United States's involvement in Vietnam amidst growing opposition to the war. After World War II, Rusk held positions in the state and war departments, and, in 1950, he became assistant secretary of state for Far Eastern affairs and was involved in prosecuting the Korean War, which he supported. From 1952-1960 he served as president of the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1961 President Kennedy chose him as his secretary of state, and, after Kennedy's assassination, Lyndon Johnson kept him on.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

America's 54th secretary of state and second only to Cordell Hull in length of service, Dean Rusk (1909-1994) presided over the Department of State during the turbulent Kennedy-Johnson years of the Vietnam War.

The life and career of David Dean Rusk, 54th Secretary of State of the United States, is a textbook case of barefoot poverty to black tie success. It must almost inevitably begin: "Where else but in America … ?" This judgment should be modified, however, by recognition of the family, character, and personality traits which marked his life and by the nebulous but indispensable final element luck which often accounts for greatness.

Early Years

On February 9, 1909, David Dean Rusk was born to school teacher Frances (Clotfelter) Rusk and her minister-farmer husband Robert Rusk. The latter, a Presbyterian minister, had taken up farming in Georgia's Cherokee county after a throat condition forced him to retire from his vocation. Four years after Rusk's birth, the family moved to Atlanta, where Dean's father became a postal worker. There, in the city's public school system, Dean Rusk was educated through secondary school. His two sisters and two brothers excelled in school and, as the fourth child of this family, Rusk profited from sibling example and parental encouragement.

By scrimping and with some scholarship assistance, he successfully matriculated in politics at North Carolina's Davidson College. At Davidson he was accepted into Phi Beta Kappa, participated in student government and other school activities including Reserve Officers Training Corps (R.O.T.C.), and graduated with honors in 1931.

Reception of a Rhodes scholarship gave Rusk three years at Oxford, where he earned a Master's degree in 1934. Specializing in international relations, he wrote an essay on Britain's international relations, thereby winning the coveted Cecil Peace Prize.

World War II Brings Career Change

On his return from Oxford he was hired as an assistant professor to teach international relations and politics at Mills College in Oakland, California. During the next few years he married, took up the study of law at the Berkeley campus of the University of California, and served as dean of faculty at Mills. So the war found him.

Rusk was commissioned a captain in December 1940, spending the year before Pearl Harbor performing a variety of military tasks. His qualifications and performance brought him transfer to Army Intelligence in Washington, where he specialized in Britain's Asian empire, then under Japanese siege.

Sent overseas in 1943 to the China-Burma-India Theater, he came to the attention of General Joseph Stilwell, serving as "Vinegar Joe's" deputy chief of staff. Already a skilled administrator, service with Stilwell sharpened his abilities further, bringing him to the attention of General George C. Marshall's recruiters, then assembling talented leaders for postwar duties.

Colonel Rusk, therefore, did not return to higher education after his 1946 discharge; instead he briefly joined the State Department and later that year moved to the War Department. Less than a year afterward, in 1947, he returned to State as successor to Alger Hiss as of Director of the Office of Special Political Affairs, coming under the wing of Under Secretary Dean Acheson and his boss, newly named Secretary George C. Marshall.

Serving in the State Department

Rusk served in his first State Department post for five years, his work involving United Nations and Far Eastern affairs. When Acheson became secretary of state, Rusk moved up to the critical post of assistant secretary of state for Far Eastern affairs three months before the North Korean Communists crossed the 38th parallel. In this crisis Rusk played a significant role in every Korean War decision: the armed American response; U.N. Security Council involvement; Seventh Fleet protection for Taiwan; and the recall of MacArthur.

In 1952 he accepted the presidency of the Rockefeller Foundation. This choice reflected Rusk's deep commitment to an international policy of old fashioned Christian morality. His frequent speeches and articles were always based on the self-help ethic, government non-intervention in citizens' lives, a dedication to peace through international organization, and the desire to help the world's impoverished peoples. Permeating all this was a quiet but unyielding anti-Communism which made him a strong supporter of Chiang Kai-shek's Republic of China and a vigorous advocate of containment of Communism as developed and interpreted under Acheson.

When the John F. Kennedy administration began its staffing, several choices were considered for the post of Secretary of State, including Adlai Stevenson and J. William Fulbright. After much consideration, President-elect Kennedy invited Rusk for a meeting in December 1960 and selected him immediately.

Thus began a career which would make Rusk Secretary of State during one of the most turbulent and contentious eras in American history and for a length of service exceeded only by one other secretary, Cordell Hull. From January 21, 1961, to January 20, 1969, Rusk served Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, two of the most different and difficult bosses any public servant ever had. As their principal foreign policy adviser, Rusk made it a cardinal rule never to disagree with his boss in public and never to deny him the benefit of his advice in private, however much it diverged from the president's own views.

Rusk was not as much at home with the New Frontier as he became in the Great Society. Such men as Ambassador John Kenneth Galbraith, who served Kennedy in India, and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., a Kennedy special assistant, led the so-called Eastern Liberal Establishment in their suspicion of him. At meetings, Schlesinger reported, "Rusk would sit quietly by, with his Buddha-like face and halfsmile … ." It was also reported by Schlesinger that the president called all cabinet members by their first names, with the single exception of Rusk.

Rusk disapproved of the Bay of Pigs invasion and played an important part in scaling down American air cover, a factor which brought him blame from conservative quarters. He opposed an air strike against Russian offensive weapons in 1962 during the Cuban missile crisis, supporting the naval quarantine alternative ultimately adopted. In these instances he was, a biographer noted," … the good soldier. He opposed the operation, expressed his dissent to the President privately, and accepted the President's decision… ."

Vietnam War Ends Public Career

It was in the Vietnam War that Rusk's instincts and loyalties were most tested. Initially he strongly opposed Kennedy's introduction of ground troops to South Vietnam in 1961 and disapproved of the regime of President Ngo Dinh Diem. Yet his loyalty to the chief executive and his strong anti-Communism caused him to support the war unwaveringly from that time until he left office in 1969.

The succession of Lyndon B. Johnson to the presidency dramatically changed Rusk's relationship with the White House. This alteration is remarkably recorded by historian Henry Graff, who sat in on the weekly luncheons held by L.B.J. and his top advisers. Flanked by Rusk and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, President Johnson at these "Tuesday Cabinet" sessions wrote " … the scenario for the conduct of the war…."

Johnson's contribution to the Vietnam War was to magnify American involvement and to treat North Vietnam as a logical bombing target. Both of these decisions were initially privately opposed by Rusk, although he would advocate them once the decision became public. The vast "Americanization" and militarization of the war moved its locus of responsibility to the Defense Department. Yet Rusk was still totally involved and, like McNamara and the president himself, his movements around the country were marked by well-publicized and frequently ugly demonstrations.

During his career Rusk achieved eminence while remaining a somewhat enigmatic and unassuming person, regardful of others and their ideas and unfailingly civil to all. One insightful observer, journalist Joseph Kraft, saw his secret in " … a quality native to the pious poor of the South, … a quality of respect."

His day to day conduct of foreign relations was praised for its technical competence, and he won the respect of the American foreign policy apparatus. Nevertheless, as his biographer asserts, "Inevitably, he will be remembered as the man who defended the long and unpopular war in Vietnam."

Back to Academia

Upon leaving office Rusk returned to his homeland as the Samuel H. Sibley Professor of International Law at the University of Georgia, a post he held until his death in 1994. That institution honored Rusk in the summer of 1996 with the dedication of a campus building constructed in his name. The Dean Rusk Hall became home to the Dean Rusk Center for International and Comparative Law and the Institute of Continuing Judicial Education. The Center, first established in 1977, was pledged to the service of state, national, and international leaders.

With characteristic reserve, the elder statesman resisted temptations to tinker with historians' assessments of his State Department career, insisting his collected papers at the University of Georgia, the Lyndon B. Johnson and John F. Kennedy Presidential Libraries, and the National Archives should be left to speak for themselves, "If anyone is interested…"

Instead, Rusk chose in his later years to spin an optimistic world view for his audiences, sprinkled with a folksy wisdom borne of his humble origins and years of public service. Speaking in 1985 at his alma mater following Davidson's dedication of a new program of international studies in his name, Rusk asserted a faith in the ultimate sanity and good sense of world leaders, "frail human beings" though they might be. Admitting, "I have never met a superman or a demigod," Rusk still preferred to believe that those holding the ultimate fate of humanity in their hands would act responsibly.

Closing his Davidson address, Rusk predicted, "You will not have many dull moments in the decades that lie ahead. I shall not be able to go with you on that journey, but I have no doubt about how it is going to come out. You are going to make it. In any event, you carry with you the best wishes and the blessings of an old man."

Further Reading

Warren I. Cohen Dean Rusk (1981) is the most complete account of Rusk's life and career. Much information can be gleaned from Henry Graff, The Tuesday Cabinet (1970); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. A Thousand Days (1965); Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point (1971); and memoirs of other principals. Some of Rusk's writings and speeches appear in Ernest K. Lindley, ed., The Winds of Freedom (1963); The Owens-Corning Lectures 1968-69 (1969); and Alva Myrdal, Arthur J. Altmeyer, and Dean Rusk, America's Role in International Social Welfare (1967).

Rusk shared his later views on the abilities of world leaders to transcend human frailties in an address at Davidson College entitled, "The Threat of Nuclear War," reprinted in 1986 in Vital Speeches of the Day (January 15, 1986). Information about the Dean Rusk Hall and personal papers resides on the Internet on a site maintained by the University of Georgia, at www.libs.uga.edu/russell/ruskdoc.html.

1909 - 1994

American secretary of state.

David Dean Rusk was born in Georgia. A Rhodes Scholar, he studied at Saint John's College, Oxford, and later at the University of California Law School in Berkeley. During World War II, Rusk served in the army in the China-Burma-India theater, rising to the rank of colonel. He held key positions in the Department of State (1946 - 1952) and helped implement the Marshall Plan and U.S. Far East policy. From 1952 to 1961, he was president of the Rockefeller Foundation. He served as secretary of state (1961 - 1969) in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.

He was a hawkish steward of American foreign policy during the Cold War, believing in the use of military action to combat communism. Rusk emphasized diplomatic efforts during the Cuban missile crisis and North Korea's seizure of the USS Pueblo, but advocated military escalation in the Vietnam War (1955 - 1975). On the Palestinian refugee issue, Rusk followed former Secretary of State John Foster Dulles in hoping (in vain) that the U.S. administration would apply pressure on Israel to make a generous gesture regarding compensation and return. He cautioned against acceding to Israel's requests for a security guarantee on the grounds that it would harm American interests in the region without appreciably enhancing Israeli security. In the build-up to the Middle East crisis of 1967, he strongly endorsed plans for sending a U.S.-led multinational flotilla through the Strait of Tiran to challenge Egypt's blockade of Israel's southern port of Eilat, but he advised against President Johnson's giving the Israelis a yellow (or amber) light to proceed cautiously with a preemptive attack on Egypt. His post-1967 behind-the-scenes diplomatic efforts paved the way for the 1969 Rogers Plan. Ending his years of government service, Rusk taught international law at the University of Georgia from 1970 to 1984.

Bibliography

Ben-Zvi, Abraham. Decade of Decisions: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Origins of the American-Israeli Alliance. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

Quandt, William B. Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab - Israeli Conflict since 1967, revised edition. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001.

Rusk, Dean. As I Saw It. New York: Norton, 1990.

Who Was Who in America. New Providence, NJ: Marquis, 1998.

— CHARLES C. KOLB

Quotes:

"We're eyeball to eyeball and the other fellow just blinked."

"One of the best ways to persuade others is with your ears - by listening to them."

"We have tried to make it clear that the United States is not just an old cow that gives more milk the more it is kicked in the flanks."

"Physicists and astronomers see their own implications in the world being round, but to me it means that only one-third of the world is asleep at any given time and the other two-thirds is up to something."

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Dean Rusk
54th United States Secretary of State
In office January 20, 1961 – January 20, 1969
President	John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded by	Christian Herter
Succeeded by	William P. Rogers
1st Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs
In office February 8, 1949 – May 26, 1949
President	Harry S. Truman
Preceded by	Post created
Succeeded by	John D. Hickerson
Born	February 9, 1909(1909-02-09) Cherokee County, Georgia
Died	December 20, 1994 (aged 85)
Political party	Democratic
Alma mater	Davidson College Oxford University University of California-Berkeley
Profession	Professor, Soldier, Politician
Religion	Presbyterian
Military service
Service/branch	United States Army
Rank	Colonel
Battles/wars	World War II
Awards	Legion of Merit

Dean Rusk with President Johnson and Robert McNamara

David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909 – December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Along with James Madison, he was the second-longest serving Secretary of State, behind Cordell Hull.

Contents 1 Childhood and education 2 Career prior to 1961 3 Secretary of State 4 Retirement 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Childhood and education

Dean Rusk was born a poor farm boy^[1] in Cherokee County, Georgia. Son of Robert Hugh and Frances Elizabeth (Clotfelter) Rusk^[2]. He was educated in Atlanta's public schools. After graduation from Boys High School in 1925^[3] he worked two years for an Atlanta lawyer. Rusk then worked his way through Davidson College. Rusk lettered in football, coached by William "Monk" Younger. Rusk was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order Sigma chapter,^[4], Cadet Lieutenant Colonel commanding the ROTC battalion, and was graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1931.^[3] While attending St. John's College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, he received the Cecil Peace Prize in 1933.^[3][5]

From 1934 to 1940 he taught at Mills College in Oakland, California, and earned a law degree at the University of California, Berkeley in 1940.

He married Virginia Foisie on June 9, 1937^[3] and they had three children.^[6]

Career prior to 1961

In World War II he joined the infantry as a reserve captain, and served as a staff officer in the China Burma India Theater. At war's end he was a colonel, decorated with the Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster.^[3]

He returned to America to work briefly for the War Department in Washington. He joined the Department of State in February 1945 working for the office of United Nations Affairs. In the same year, he suggested splitting Korea into a sphere of U.S. and one of Soviet influence at the 38th parallel north. He was made Deputy Under Secretary of State in 1949. He was made Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs in 1950 and played an influential part in the US decision to become involved in the Korean War, and also Japan's postwar compensation for victorious countries, such as the Rusk documents. However he was a cautious diplomat and always sought international support.

Rusk was a Rockefeller Foundation trustee from 1950 to 1961. In 1952 he succeeded Chester L. Barnard as president of the Foundation.^[3]

Secretary of State

On December 12, 1960, Democratic President-elect John F. Kennedy appointed Rusk Secretary of State. According to historian and former Special Assistant to President Kennedy Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. Rusk was not Kennedy's first choice, but rather the "lowest common denominator", as Kennedy's first choice, William Fulbright, proved too controversial.^[7] Rusk was sworn in January, 1961.^[3]

As Secretary of State he believed in the use of military action to combat Communism. Despite private misgivings about the Bay of Pigs invasion, he remained noncommittal during the Executive Council meetings leading up to the attack and never opposed it outright. During the Cuban missile crisis he supported diplomatic efforts. Early in his tenure, he had strong doubts about US intervention in Vietnam,^[8] but later his vigorous public defense of US actions in the Vietnam War made him a frequent target of anti-war protests. Outside of his work against communism, he continued his Rockefeller Foundation ideas of aid to developing nations and also supported low tariffs to encourage world trade. Rusk also drew the ire of supporters of Israel after he let it be known that he believed the USS Liberty incident was a deliberate attack on the ship, rather than an accident.

As he recalled in his autobiography, As I Saw It, Rusk did not have a good relationship with President Kennedy. The president was often irritated by Rusk's reticience in advisory sessions and felt that the State Department was "like a bowl of jelly" and that it "never comes up with any new ideas." Special Consul to the President Ted Sorensen believed that Kennedy, being well versed and practiced in foreign affairs, acted as his own Secretary of State. Sorensen also noted that the president often expressed impatience with Rusk and felt him under prepared for emergency meetings and crises.^[9] Rusk repeatedly offered his resignation, but it was never accepted. Rumors of Rusk's dismissal leading up to the 1964 election abounded prior to President Kennedy's trip to Dallas in 1963. Shortly after Kennedy was assassinated, Rusk offered his resignation to the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson. However, Johnson refused Rusk's resignation and retained him as the Secretary of State throughout his administration.

Rusk also planned to offer his resignation in the summer of 1967 because "his daughter planned to marry a black classmate at Stanford University, and he could not impose such a political burden on the president." He decided not to resign after talking first to Robert S. McNamara and Lyndon Johnson.^[10]

When Johnson died in 1973, Rusk eulogized the former President when he lay in state.

After President of France Charles de Gaulle withdrew France from the common NATO military command in February 1966 and ordered all American military forces to leave France, President Johnson asked Rusk to seek further clarification from President de Gaulle by asking whether the bodies of buried American soldiers must leave France as well.^[11] Rusk recorded in his autobiography that de Gaulle did not respond when asked, "Does your order include the bodies of American soldiers in France's cemeteries?"^[12][13]

Rusk again offered to resign in 1967, after it became known that his daughter, Peggy, planned to marry Guy Smith,^[14] "a black Georgetown grad working at NASA. (Johnson didn't accept it.)"^[15] In fact, the Richmond News Leader stated that it found the wedding offensive, further saying that "anything which diminishes [Rusk's] personal acceptability is an affair of state".[1] A year after his daughter's wedding, Rusk was invited to join the faculty of the University of Georgia Law School, only to have his appointment denounced by Roy Harris, an ally of Governor George Wallace and a member of the university's board of regents, who stated that his opposition was because of Peggy Rusk's interracial marriage. The university nonetheless appointed Rusk to the position.^[14]

Retirement

Rusk received both the Sylvanus Thayer Award and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969.

Following his retirement, he taught international law at the University of Georgia School of Law in Athens, Georgia (1970-1984).

Rusk Eating House, the first women’s eating house at Davidson College, was founded in 1977 and is named in his honor. The Dean Rusk International Studies Program at Davidson College is also named in his honor.

Dean Rusk Middle School, located in Canton, Georgia, was named in his honor, as was Dean Rusk Hall on the campus of the University of Georgia.

See also

World War II portal

United States Army portal

• Rusk documents

References

1. ^ MORRISON, DONALD (1990-07-30). "Ghost Dad (bk rvw of AS I SAW IT by Dean Rusk, as told to Richard Rusk)". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,970754,00.html. Retrieved 2008-02-04. ""I won't be around for history's verdict," says Rusk, now 81 and ailing in his Georgia retirement, "and I am perfectly relaxed about it."" 
2. ^ Page 425 of Congressional Directory,89th Congress, Second Session, January 1966
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Anonoymous. "Biography of Dean Rusk". Davidson College. http://www3.davidson.edu/cms/x10615.xml. Retrieved 2008-02-03. 
4. ^ "Famed Fraternity Members". Kappa Alpha Order. http://www.kappaalphaorder.org/repository/unmanaged_content/joinka/fame.html. Retrieved 2008-02-03. 
5. ^ Turner, Arthur Campbell; Francis Carney and Jan Erickson (2005-04-05). "[http://www.ucrhistory.ucr.edu/pdf/turner2.pdf Transcription of Oral History Audio Interview with ARTHUR CAMPBELL TURNER April 6 and May 28, 1998]" (PDF). University of California, Riverside. pp. 8. http://www.ucrhistory.ucr.edu/pdf/turner2.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-03. 
6. ^ "Parks Rusk Collection of Dean Rusk Papers". Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies. University of Georgia. pp. Biographical Note. http://www.libs.uga.edu/russell/collections/ruskparks/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
7. ^ Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. (2008). Journals 1952-2000. Penguin Books. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-14-311435-2. "Elizabeth Farmer told me this evening that, at five this afternoon, it looked as if it would be Rusk in State, with Bowles and Bundy as Undersecretaries. (Ken, by the way, told me that Jack had called him on the 7th and talked seriously about Mac as Secretary.) I asked why Rusk had finally emerged. Elizabeth said, "He was the lowest common denominator." Apparently Harris Wofford succeeded in stirring the Negroes and Jews up so effectively that the uproar killed Fulbright, who was apparently Jack's first choice." 
8. ^ Henry II, John B.; William Espinosa (Autumn, 1972). "The Tragedy of Dean Rusk" (fee). Foreign Policy, No. 8, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace): pp. 166–189. doi:10.2307/1147824. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0015-7228(197223)8%3C166%3ATTODR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
9. ^ Sorensen, Ted (2008). Counselor: A Life At The Edge Of History. HarperCollins. p. 233–234. ISBN 978-0-06-079871-0. "President Kennedy was less satisfied with his secretary of state, Dean Rusk...John F. Kennedy, more than any president since FDR, was his own secretary of state...But it was not the White House staff that said the State Department was "like a bowl of jelly," or that it "never comes up with any new ideas." Those were John F. Kennedy's words...More than one White House tape revealed the president's impatience with Rusk...nor did JFK or RFK believe that Rusk himself was as thoroughly prepared for emergency meetings and crises as he should have been." 
10. ^ McNamara, Robert S. (1995). In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. Random House. p. 282. ISBN 0-8129-2523-8. "It may be hard for readers today to understand what went through his mind. But it was very clear to me at the time: he believed that because he was a southerner, working for a southern president, such a marriage--if he did not resign or stop it--would bring down immense criticism on both him and the president. .... [T]he president reacted as I expected--with congratulations for the impending marriage. So far as I was aware, the marriage had absolutely no effect--political or personal--on Dean or the president." 
11. ^ Ogden, Christopher (1995-09-18). "BOMBS AWAY!". TIME Magazine Volume 146, No. 12: pp. 166–189. http://www.time.com/time/international/1995/950918/cover.washington.html. Retrieved 2009-02-11. 
12. ^ "Andrew Roberts addresses The Bruges Group". The Bruges Group. http://www.brugesgroup.com/events/index.live?article=13490. Retrieved 2009-02-11. 
13. ^ Schoenbaum, Thomas J. (1988). Waging Peace and War: Dean Rusk in the Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Years. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Simon and Schuster. p. 421. ISBN 0671603515. 
14. ^ ^{a b} Romano, Renée Christine (2003). Race Mixing. Harvard University Press. pp. 204–205. 
15. ^ Rick, Frank (November 2, 2006). "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". The New York Times: p. W-10. 

• Rusk, Dean (1963). The winds of freedom; selections from the speeches and statements of Secretary of State Dean Rusk, January 1961- August 1962. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 1106835. 
• Rusk, Dean (1990). Rusk, Richard; Papp, Daniel S.. eds. As I Saw It. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393026507. 

External links

• Interview for WGBH series, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
• Dean Rusk at Find a Grave Retrieved on 2008-02-05

Links to related articles Political offices Preceded by Christian Herter United States Secretary of State Served under: John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson 1961–1969 Succeeded by William P. Rogers Awards Preceded by Bob Hope Sylvanus Thayer Award recipient 1969 Succeeded by Ellsworth Bunker v • d • e Cabinet of President John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson (1961-1963) Secretary of State Dean Rusk (1961-1963) Secretary of the Treasury C. Douglas Dillon (1961-1963) Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara (1961-1963) Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (1961-1963) Postmaster General J. Edward Day (1961-1963) • John A. Gronouski (1963) Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall (1961-1963) Secretary of the Agriculture Orville Freeman (1961-1963) Secretary of Commerce Luther H. Hodges (1961-1963) Secretary of Labor Arthur Goldberg (1961-1962) • W. Willard Wirtz (1962-1963) Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare Abraham A. Ribicoff (1961-1962) • Anthony J. Celebrezze (1962-1963) v • d • e Cabinet of President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) Vice President None (1963–1965) · Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Secretary of State Dean Rusk (1963–1969) Secretary of the Treasury C. Douglas Dillon (1963–1965) · Henry H. Fowler (1965–1968) · Joseph W. Barr (1968–1969) Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara (1963–1968) · Clark Clifford (1968–1969) Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (1963–1964) · Nicholas Katzenbach (1965–1966) · Ramsey Clark (1967–1969) Postmaster General John A. Gronouski (1963–1965) · Lawrence O'Brien (1965–1968) · W. Marvin Watson (1968–1969) Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall (1963–1969) Secretary of the Agriculture Orville Freeman (1963–1969) Secretary of Commerce Luther H. Hodges (1963–1965) · John Thomas Connor (1965–1967) · Alexander Buel Trowbridge (1967–1968) · C. R. Smith (1968–1969) Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz (1963–1969) Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare Anthony J. Celebrezze (1962–1965) · John William Gardner (1965–1968) · Wilbur Joseph Cohen (1968–1969) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Robert Clifton Weaver (1963–1968) · Robert Coldwell Wood (1969) Secretary of Transportation Alan Stephenson Boyd (1967–1969) v • d • e United States Secretaries of State Jefferson • Randolph • Pickering • J Marshall • Madison • Smith • Monroe • Adams • Clay • Van Buren • Livingston • McLane • Forsyth • Webster • Upshur • Calhoun • Buchanan • Clayton • Webster • Everett • Marcy • Cass • Black • Seward • Washburne • Fish • Evarts • Blaine • Frelinghuysen • Bayard • Blaine • Foster • Gresham • Olney • Sherman • Day • Hay • Root • Bacon • Knox • Bryan • Lansing • Colby • Hughes • Kellogg • Stimson • Hull • Stettinius • Byrnes • G Marshall • Acheson • Dulles • Herter • Rusk • Rogers • Kissinger • Vance • Muskie • Haig • Shultz • Baker • Eagleburger • Christopher • Albright • Powell • Rice • Clinton

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