| Demographics of Republic of Hungary | |
|---|---|
 1715-2008 |
|
| Population: | 10,031,000 (2009)[1] |
| Growth rate: | -0.139% (2008)[2] |
| Birth rate: | 9.9 births/1,000 population (2008) |
| Death rate: | 13 deaths/1,000 population (2008) |
| Life expectancy: | 73.3 years (2008 est.)[3] |
| –male: | 69 years |
| –female: | 77.62 years |
| Fertility rate: | 1.34 children born/woman (2008 est.) |
| Age structure: | |
| 0-14 years: | 15.2% (male 774,092/female 730,485) |
| Sex ratio: | |
| At birth: | 1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.) |
| Under 15: | 1.06 male(s)/female |
| 15-64 years: | 0.97 male(s)/female |
| 65-over: | 0.57 male(s)/female |
| Nationality: | |
| Nationality: | noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian |
| Language: | |
| Spoken: | Hungarian |
This article is about the demographic features of the population of Hungary, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Contents |
Historical
Cumans
During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe of pagan Kipchaks who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.[4] In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named Cumania (Kunság in Hungarian): Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era.
The Iranian Jassic people probably came to the Kingdom of Hungary together with the Cumans in the 13th century after they were defeated by the Mongols. Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (eg. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru) still bear their name.[5]
900–1910
| Time | Population | Percentage rate of Hungarians | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| c. 900 AD | 450,000–700,000 | 55–71%[6][7] | About 400,000[8](counting Kabar and smaller tribes)-500,000[7] Hungarian people settled in the Pannonian plain and Transylvania, inhabited by about 200,000 Slavs.[8] |
| 1222 | 2,000,000 | 70–80%[7][9] | The time of the Golden Bull. The last estimate before the Tartar invasion |
| 1242 | 1,200,000[7] | ? | Population decreased after the Mongol-Tartar's invasion. |
| 1370 | 2,500,000 | 60–70%[7] | At the time of the Angevin kings. |
| 1490 | 4,000,000 | 80%[7] | Before the Ottoman conquest (3.2 million Hungarians) |
| 1699 | 3,300,000 | 50–55%[7] | At the time of Treaty of Karlowitz. (less than 2 million Hungarians) |
| 1711 | 3,000,000 | 53%[7] | At the end of Kuruc War. (1.6 million Hungarians) |
| 1790 | 8,000,000 | 37.7% | |
| 1828 | 11,495,536 | 40–45% | |
| 1846 | 12,033,399 | 40–45% | |
| 1880 | 13,749,603 | 46% | |
| 1900 | 16,838,255 | 51.4% | |
| 1910 | 18,264,533 | 54.5% | 5% Jews (counted according to their mother tongue) |
Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, not of present-day Hungary.
1920 – today
| Nationality | 1920 | 1930 | 1941[10] | 1949 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarians | 7 155 973 89.6 % |
8 000 335 92.1 % |
11 881 455 80.9 % |
9 076 041 98.6 % |
9 786 038 98.2 % |
10 166 237 98.5 % |
10 638 974 99.3 % |
| Germans | 550 062 6.9 % |
477 153 5.5, % |
533 045 3.6 % |
22 455 0.2 % |
50 765 0.5 % |
35 594 0.4 % |
11 310 0.1 % |
| Slovaks | 141 877 1.8 % |
104 786 1.2 % |
175 550 1.2 % |
25 988 0.3 % |
30 630 0.3 % |
21 176 0.2 % |
9 101 0.1 % |
| Romanians | 23 695 0.3 % |
16 221 0.2 % |
1 051 026 7.2 % |
14 713 0.2 % |
15 787 0.2 % |
12 624 0.1 % |
8 874 0.1 % |
| Ruthenians | - | - | 547 770 3.7 % |
- | - | - | - |
| Croats | 58 931 0.7 % |
47 337 0.5 % |
12 346 0.1 % |
20 423 0.2 % |
33 014 0.3 % |
17 609 0.2 % |
13 895 0.1 % |
| Serbs | 17 132 0.2 % |
7 031 0.1 % |
213 585 1.5 % |
5 158 0.1 % |
4 583 0.1 % |
12 235 0.1 % |
2 805 0.0% |
| Slovenes | 6 087 0.1 % |
5 464 0.1 % |
94 000 0.1 % |
4 473 0.1 % |
- | 4 205 0.0 % |
1 731 0.0 % |
| Roma | 6 989 0.1 % |
7 841 0.1 % |
76 209 0.5 % |
21 387 0.2 % |
25 633 0.3 % |
34 957 0.3 % |
6 404 0.1 % |
| Others | 26 123 0.3 % |
18 946 0.2 % |
29 210 0.2 % |
14 161 0.1 % |
14 534 0.1 % |
17 462 0.2 % |
16 369 0.2 % |
| Jewish[11] | - | - | 139 041 0.9 % |
- | - | - | - |
| Total | 7 986 875 | 8 685 109 | 14 679 573 | 9 204 799 | 9 961 044 | 10 322 099 | 10 709 463 |
Fertility (1900–2008)
|
|
Present
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | %± |
| 1870 | 5,011,310 | — |
| 1880 | 5,329,191 | 6.3% |
| 1890 | 6,009,351 | 12.8% |
| 1900 | 6,854,415 | 14.1% |
| 1910 | 7,612,114 | 11.1% |
| 1920 | 7,986,875 | 4.9% |
| 1930 | 8,685,109 | 8.7% |
| 1941 | 9,316,074 | 7.3% |
| 1949 | 9,204,799 | −1.2% |
| 1960 | 9,961,044 | 8.2% |
| 1970 | 10,300,996 | 3.4% |
| 1980 | 10,709,463 | 4.0% |
| 1990 | 10,374,823 | −3.1% |
| 2001 | 10,198,315 | −1.7% |
| 2005 | 10,097,500 | −1.0% |
| 2009 | 10,031,000 | −0.7% |
Census 2001 recognised along with Hungarians 16 ethnic groups. Ethnic structure according to 2001 census: (based on self-determination) [6]
- Hungarians: 9,627,057 or 94.40%
- Roma: 205,720 or 2.02%
- Germans: 120,344 or 1.18%
- Slovaks: 39,266 or 0.38%
- Croats: 25,730 or 0.25%
- Romanians: 8,482 or 0.1%
- Ukrainians: 7,393 or 0.07%
- Serbs: 7,350 or 0.07%
- Greeks: 6,619 or 0.06%
- Poles: 5,144 or 0.05%
- Russians: 5,144 or 0.05%
- Slovenes: 4,832 or 0.04%
- Chinese: 2,915 or 0.03%
- Arabs: 2,367 or 0.02%
- Bulgarians: 2,316 or 0.02%
- Rusyns: 2,079 or 0.02%
- Armenians: 1,165 or 0.01%
- Africans: 321 or 0.00%
- Turks: unknown, but formed a small community.
According to census data, the largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism (54.5% — Roman Catholicism 51.9%; Greek Catholicism 2.6% [7]). There is a significant Calvinist minority (16% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (3%), and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than practice; fewer than 12% of Hungarians attend religious services at least once a week and fewer than 50% at least once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God. [8]
For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.
The Roma minority
The real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question. In the 2001 census only 205,720 people (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary[14][15][16][17][18]. Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority[19]. Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the roma population will double by 2050.[20]
There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.
Objective problems:
- Education/bad chances for work: slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.[21]
- Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.[22]
- Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas
- Lack of debate regarding the subject: academic researchers and members of the mainstream press disregard any critics and study the subject in the canonical viewpoint. Critics don't have the funds necessary to perform alternative studies.
Largest cities
| Name | Population (1949) | Top population | Population (2009) | Agglomeration | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Budapest |
1,590,316 | 2,059,226 (1980) | 1,712,210▲ | 2,475,740 (2008) | Capital city |
 Debrecen |
115,399 | 212,235 (1990) | 206,225▲ | 237,888 (2005) | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
 Miskolc |
109,841 | 208,103 (1980) | 170,234▼ | 216,470 (2005) | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
 Szeged |
104,867 | 169,930 (1990) | 169,030▲ | 201,307 (2005) | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
 Pécs |
89,470 | 170,039 (1990) | 156,974▲ | 179,215 (2005) | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
 Győr |
69,583 | 130,476 (2009) | 130,476▲ | 182,776 (2005) | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
 Nyíregyháza |
56,334 | 118,795 (2001) | 117,597▲ | - | County seat, urban county |
 Kecskemét |
61,730 | 111,428 (2009) | 111,428▲ | - | County seat, urban county |
 Székesfehérvár |
42,260 | 108,958(1990) | 102,035▲ | - | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
CIA World Factbook demographic statistics
The following demographic statistics are from the CIA Factbook as of September 2009, unless otherwise indicated.
Population: 9,905,596 (Only Hungarian citizens, 2009 est.)
Age structure:
0–14 years: 15% (male 763,553/female 720,112)
15–64 years: 69.3% (male 3,384,961/female 3,475,135)
65 years and over: 15.8% (male 566,067/female 995,768) (2009 est.)
Population growth rate: -0.25% (2006 est.)[23]
Birth rate: 9.90 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)[23]
Death rate: 12.94 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Infant mortality rate: Total: 7.86 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 8.57 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 7.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.44 years[23]
male: 69.27 years
female: 77.87 years (2009 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.35 children born/woman (2009 est.)
Ethnic groups: Hungarian 94.4%, Roma 2.02%, German 1.18%, Slovak 0.38%, Croats 0.25%, Romanian 0.14%, Ukrainian 0.07%, Serbs 0.07%, Greeks 0.07%, Poles 0.05%, Slovenes 0.05%. [9]
Religion: According to census data, the largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism (54.5% — Roman Catholicism 51.9%; Greek Catholicism 2.6% [10]). There is a significant Calvinist minority (16% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (3%), and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than practice; fewer than 12% of Hungarians attend religious services at least once a week and fewer than 50% at least once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in a God. [11]
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.5%
female: 99.3% (2003 est.)
- See also : Hungary
Notes
- ^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office 2009
- ^ Natural decline: -0.31% (2008)
- ^ Life expectancy in Hungary, Origo.hu (Hungarian)
- ^ Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz, HistoryNet
- ^ National and historical symbols of Hungary
- ^ After the conquest of the territory (896), and the formation of the Principality of Hungary, according to one source, 55–71% Hungarians lived in the territory.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 963-352-002-9CM
- ^ a b Country Studies, Hungary
- ^ Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary
- ^ The 1941 data refer to the Kingdom of Hungary after the territorial changes regarding North-Transylvania and other territories, all of which had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1920.
- ^ Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ http://www.demos.hu/Audit
- ^ Hungary acknowledges the need for progress regarding its population of 500,000 to 1 million Roma, or Gypsies
- ^ Hungary would put the number of Roma in the country at 800,000–1,000,000, or up to 10% of the total population of Hungary. European Rights Roma Center
- ^ The New York City Times: Roma make up an estimated 8 to 10 percent of Hungary’s population
- ^ The christian science monitor: "[...] the Roma, who account for between 8 and 10 percent of Hungary's 10 million people."
- ^ [3] "Ma minden ötödik-hatodik születendő gyermek cigány."
- ^ [4] "A CEMI kalkulációja szerint a romák száma a mai 700 ezerről 2050-re 1,2 millióra nőhet. Ezen idő alatt a nem roma népesség száma 9,5 millióról 7,6 millióra csökken. Így a romák mai mintegy 7 százalékos aránya megduplázódhat és elérheti a 14-15 százalékot."
- ^ [5] "Az érettségit megszerzők aránya azonban 0,5%-ról csupán 1,5%-ra nőtt, felsőfokú végzettséget pedig elenyésző számban szereztek.", "A felsőoktatásban tanulók aránya az 1993-as kutatás adatai szerint mindössze 0,22 ezrelék."
- ^ Index - Romák a szegénység csapdájában
- ^ a b c Population decline is abating. Some interesting figures in 2000: population growth rate was -0.33%; there were 9.62 births/1,000 population (death rate: 13.34 deaths/1000 population); fertility rate — 1.25 children born/woman. Life expectancy increased by approximately 1.3 years under the same time.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
