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Development of Jehovah's Witnesses doctrine

 
Wikipedia: Development of Jehovah's Witnesses doctrine
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Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses
History
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Beliefs & Practices
Doctrines
God's name · Eschatology · Blood · Disfellowshipping
Literature
The Watchtower · Awake!
New World Translation
Controversies
Related people
Watch Tower Presidents
W.H. Conley · C.T. Russell · J.F. Rutherford · N.H. Knorr · F.W. Franz
M.G. Henschel · D.A. Adams
Formative influences
William Miller · N.H. Barbour · George Storrs
Notable Former Jehovah's Witnesses
Raymond Franz · Olin Moyle
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The doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses have developed since publication of The Watchtower magazine began in 1879. Early doctrines were established by Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society founder Charles Taze Russell, then added to, altered or discarded by his successors, Joseph Rutherford and Nathan Knorr. Since 1976 doctrinal positions have been based on decisions made at closed meetings of the religion's Governing Body[1] and attributed to "God’s progressive revelations" to it as a representative[2][3] of the faithful and discreet slave class, the approximately 10,000 "anointed" Witnesses earthwide.[4] These teachings are disseminated through The Watchtower, and at conventions and congregation meetings. Members of the religion outside the Governing Body play little role in the development of doctrines[5] and are expected to adhere to all those decided at Brooklyn headquarters without dissent.[6][7]

Contents

Basis

Some core beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses have remained unchanged throughout the religion's history. Certain doctrines, particularly relating to biblical chronology, were based on what Russell called a "venerable tradition" that he conceded was not directly confirmed by facts or scripture, but "based on faith".[8][9] Watch Tower publications claim that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose.[10][11][12][13] Watch Tower literature has suggested such enlightenment results from the application of reason and study,[14] the guidance of holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels.[15] Rutherford spoke of spiritual "lightning flashes in the temple",[16] the Society claims its doctrine of the "great crowd" and "other sheep" were "revealed" to "God’s earthly servants" in 1935,[17][18] and Witness literature has also described sudden changes in doctrines as "flashes of light" given by God through his holy spirit.[19] A 1930 publication claimed God used "invisible deputies" and "invisible angels" to pass his "messages" to The Watchtower,[20][21] although The Watchtower told Witnesses it was not necessary for them to understand how this took place.[22] A 1973 policy change to disfellowship tobacco users was explained as a decision that "Jehovah has brought to the attention of his 'holy' people".[23]

Watch Tower publications often cite Proverbs 4:18, "The path of the righteous ones is like the bright light that is getting lighter and lighter until the day is firmly established" (NWT) when explaining the need to change doctrines.[24] However the Governing Body makes no claim of infallibility or divine inspiration.[25][26][27]

Timeline of doctrinal changes

Doctrines unchanged since 1879

  • Inerrancy of the Bible. Early copies of Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence made reference to the Bible as God's "infallible Word".[28]
  • God's name is Jehovah. Watch Tower Society founder Charles Taze Russell used the name "Jehovah" occasionally, but not consistently, when referring to God.[29]
  • Jesus a created being.[citation needed]
  • Jesus Christ gave his human life as a ransom sacrifice; belief in Jesus necessary for salvation. Russell believed that God's design for mankind was a restitution or restoration to the perfection and glory lost in Eden. This depended on God providing a ransom for all mankind to release them from the inevitability of death. Christ became that ransom sacrifice.[30][31]
  • The timing of Christ's Second Coming, or "presence", can be calculated through Bible chronology. Russell believed the timing of Christ's advent could be calculated by determining the length and termination point of the "Gentile Times"[32][33] and also by calculating the close of six "thousand-year days" (6000 years) of human history, at which point God's Kingdom would be established.[34][35][36][37][38]
  • Christ's return to earth was invisible. Russell claimed the Greek word parousia (Matthew 24:37) referred to a period of time, rendered more accurately as "presence" than "coming"[39]
  • Paradise earth to be restored, humans to live forever.[40][41][42]
  • Evolution is a teaching contrary to the Bible and denies the need of redemption by Christ.[43][Need quotation on talk to verify][44]

1879-1920

  • 1880: Clergy-laity distinction viewed as unscriptural.[45]
  • 1881: Rejection of the Trinity doctrine.[46][47][48] Russell claimed the Trinity doctrine had "not a word of Scripture" to support it. He explained: "We understand the Scriptures to teach that the holy Spirit is not a separate and distinct person, but that it is the divine mind or influence – the motive power of Divinity exercised everywhere and for any purpose, at His pleasure."[49][50][51] In 1877 Russell and co-author N.H. Barbour had criticized the anti-Trinitarian view of the Christadelphians;[52] an 1880 book by Zion's Watch Tower writer J.H. Paton emphasised that the Holy Spirit was a person[53] and early Watch Towers referred to the Holy Spirit as "he"[54][55][56] and part of the "Divine Three".[57]
  • 1881: Faith alone is not enough for someone's becoming a joint-heir with Christ in heaven, but also a life of "self-sacrifice in the service of the truth" is required.[58]
  • 1882: No hellfire. According to Russell, most references to "hell" in the New Testament were more accurately translated as "grave".[59][60]
  • 1887: The New Covenant, which Russell had claimed since 1880 would be inaugurated only after the last of the 144,000 anointed Christians had been taken to heaven,[61] was said to be "now in force".[62][63]
  • 1891: Biblical rapture is not a sudden event. The anointed are changed into spirit form, throughout the whole period of Christ's presence, at the time of each one's physical death.[64][65]
  • 1904: Worldwide descent into anarchy and disintegration of human rule, previously predicted to occur in October 1914,[66][67] changed to "after October 1914".[68]
  • 1904: 144,000 "elect" to go to heaven. Russell believed God had chosen a "fixed and limited ... number who should constitute the New Creation of God". God had not foreordained individuals, but those who met his "moral qualities and heart measurements" would be chosen to go to heaven.[69]
  • 1907: The inauguration of the New Covenant described as belonging "exclusively to the coming age."[70] Russell began to teach that the "church" (144,000 anointed Christians) had no Mediator, but itself joined Christ as a joint Messiah and Mediator during the Millennium.[63][71]
  • 1914: Length of each creative 'day' of Genesis defined as precisely 7000 years.[72]
  • 1914: Russell "by no means confident" 1914 would bring the upheaval he had predicted.[73]
  • 1916: Timing of Armageddon, previously claimed to have begun in 1874 and to culminate in 1914,[74][75] changed to have begun in 1914.[76][77]
  • 1919: Preaching work displaces "character development" as the "chief concern" of Bible Students. Russell had taught that Christians should embark on the gradual process of "sanctification" and personality improvement to fight sinful inclinations[78][79] In 1919 The Watch Tower declared that the primary concern for Bible Students was to labor with God to find members of the elect class.[80]
  • 1920: Jesus Christ's crowning as king of God's Kingdom, previously 1878,[81] changed to 1914.[82]

1921-1930

  • 1922: Establishment of God's Kingdom over earth, previously expected to result in the destruction of human governments and a "new rule of righteousness" by the end of 1914[83] changed to an invisible event in heaven in 1914.[84][85]
  • 1923: "Sheep class", mentioned at Matthew 25:31-46 defined as those who do good to "elect" class and are rewarded by surviving Armageddon and gaining life under Christ's thousand-year reign.[86][87]
  • 1923: Limitations placed on extent of Christ's ransom and resurrection hope. Russell had taught that Christ had provided a ransom for all; a 1923 Watch Tower article asserted that clergymen would not be resurrected and benefit from the ransom;[88] later articles claimed that benefits of the ransom would also be denied to Adam and Eve; those who died in the Noachian flood; those who died at Sodom and Gomorrah; both the falls of Jerusalem and those who will die at Armageddon.[89]
  • 1925: Armageddon identified as a battle between God and Satan, resulting in the overthrow of human governments and false religion. Armageddon had previously been understood to mean a "melee between contending forces of mankind", resulting in social revolution and political anarchy.[90][91][92][93][94][95]
  • 1925: Michael, the dragon and the man-child in Revelation chapter 12, previously defined as the Pope, the Roman Empire and the papacy, redefined as Jesus, Satan and the new Nation (or Kingdom), respectively.[96][97]
  • 1926: Use of name "Jehovah", previously used sparingly at assemblies and in public preaching, given new emphasis. Announced in January 1, 1926 issue of The Watchtower.[98]
  • 1927: "First resurrection" of "sleeping saints", previously 1878,[99] changed to 1918.[100][101]
  • 1927: Identification of "time of the end" as a 115-year period from 1799 to 1914 discontinued.[102] Final reference appeared in J. F. Rutherford's Creation (1927).[103]
  • 1927: "Faithful and wise servant" of Matthew 24:45-47, previously defined as Russell since 1897,[104][105][106][107] changed to a "class" comprising all remaining "anointed" Christians.[108]
  • 1928: Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, previously regarded as a testimony to the Bible and its chronology,[109][110] declared to have no prophetic significance and built under the direction of Satan.[111]
  • 1928: Celebration of Christmas, previously embraced as a "tribute of respect" to Christ,[112][113] discontinued because of its "pagan origin".[114]
  • 1929: Honoring of God's name described as "the outstanding issue facing all intelligent creation".[115]
  • 1929: "Superior authorities" of Romans 13:1 to whom Christians had to show subjection and obedience, previously defined as governmental authorities, redefined as God and Christ only.[116][117] Secular state then regarded as demonic and almost without redeeming features.[118]

1931-1940

  • 1931: Adoption of the name "Jehovah's witnesses".[119]
  • 1932: Assertion that God's Holy Spirit ceased operating on his people when "[Jesus] the Lord came to his temple, in 1918",[120][121] at which point Jesus 'took charge of feeding the flock'.[122]
  • 1932: The "Jews" who will be restored to their homeland, previously defined as literal Jews, redefined as the Christian congregation.[118][123][124]
  • 1932: Identification of "Jonadabs", a "sheep" class of people who take a stand for righteousness and who are to be preserved by God through Armageddon to gain everlasting life on earth. The term was drawn from the account at 2 Kings 10.[125] In 1920 Rutherford had written that it was "unreasonable" to think God was developing any class other than the little flock (the 144,000 to attain heavenly kingship) and the "great company" (second spiritual class also with a heavenly hope). In 1934 the Watchtower explained that the "Jonadabs" survive Armageddon by living in the figurative "City of refuge", represented by remaining affiliated with the Watch Tower Society.[126]
  • 1932: Watch Tower Society adherents with an earthly hope should join the worldwide preaching work.[127] In 1927 The Watchtower had directed that only anointed Christians were "entitled" to take part in the ministry.[128]
  • 1933: Christ's parousia – his Second Coming or invisible "presence" – previously established as 1874 and reaffirmed as late as 1929,[129] changed to 1914.[130]
  • 1934: Vindication of God's name becomes central doctrine.[131] Rutherford noted that God had provided Jesus Christ's sacrifice as the redemption price for sinful humankind, but wrote that this was "secondary to the vindication of Jehovah's name".[132]
  • 1934: The 1917 teaching that Russell was exercising strong influence from heaven on the "harvesting" of anointed Christians[133] described as "foolish".[134]
  • 1935: "Great crowd" of Revelation 7 defined as the "sheep" of Matthew 25, resulting in a redirection of proselytizing efforts from gathering the "elect" (remnant of the 144,000 with a heavenly destiny) to gathering an indeterminate number of people who could survive Armageddon and receive everlasting life on earth.[86][135]
  • 1935: Tobacco use "unclean" and prohibited for Bethel (branch office) staff and traveling overseers.[136]
  • 1935: Vaccines, described since 1921 as "devilish" and "an outrage",[137][138] condemned as a violation of God's law.[139]
  • 1936: Device on which Jesus was killed, previously defined as a wooden cross, redefined as a "tree".[140] An image of the cross appeared on the front page of The Watch Tower until October 1931.[141]
  • 1937: Jehovah's Witnesses with an earthly hope could be described as "Christian".[142] In 1930 the Watchtower had asserted that the term "Christian" could be applied only to anointed followers of Christ.[143]
  • 1938: God's mandate to "be fruitful and multiply" said to apply only after the start of the Millennium. The Watchtower said the mandate had never been carried out under righteous conditions, and so had failed to be fulfilled according to God's will. Rutherford urged Witnesses to delay marriage and the bearing of children until after Armageddon.[144]
  • 1939: Witnesses required to demonstrate complete neutrality in worldly affairs.[145]

1941-1960

  • 1942: Tobacco prohibition applied to all appointed positions, such as congregation overseers and servants.[146]
  • 1943: Adam's creation, previously 4129 BC[147] or 4128 BC,[148] moved forward 100 years to 4028 BC. The shift in dates also moved the termination point of 6,000 years of human history from October 1872[149] to 1972.[150][151]
  • 1944: Responsibility for administering discipline, including disfellowshipping, of dissident members passed from entire congregation to congregational judicial committees.[152][153] Russell had previously argued that the Bible "does not authorize any court of Elders, or anyone else, to become busybodies. This would be going back to the practices of the Dark Ages during the inquisition; and we would be showing the same spirit as did the inquisitors."[154]
  • 1944: Adam's creation, previously 4028 BC, changed to 4026 BC.[155]
  • 1945: Blood transfusions forbidden.[156][157]
  • 1951: Celebration of birthdays considered "objectionable" because celebrations are "steeped in false worship" and exalt humans.[158]
  • 1952: Vaccines, previously condemned, considered acceptable.[159][160]
  • 1953: Adam's creation, previously 4026 BC, changed to 4025 BC. End of God's 6,000-year "rest day" ending in northern hemisphere autumn 1976.[161]
  • 1954: Worship of Jesus, previously considered appropriate and necessary,[162][163][164] deemed inappropriate, with the New World Translation translating proskyne′ō as "do obeisance to" rather than "worship" (KJV).[165]
  • 1955: Operation of Holy Spirit, asserted in 1932 to have ceased in 1918, stated as having been still operative after 1918.[166]

1961-1990

  • 1961: Acceptance of blood transfusion deemed a disfellowshipping offence.[167]
  • 1962: "Superior authorities" of Romans 13:1 redefined as earthly governments, reverting the 1929 change[168] to Russell's 1886 teaching.[169] A year earlier, Russell's view was considered to have made the Watch Tower Bible Students unclean in God's eyes.[116][170]
  • 1963: Adam's creation changed back to 4026 BC.[171] End of 6,000 years of human history due in northern hemisphere autumn 1975.[172]
  • 1967: Organ transplants banned, described as "medical cannibalism". Organ donations considered incompatible with dedication of baptized Christians to present "their lives, bodies included", to God.[173]
  • 1968: Interval between Adam's creation and the close of the sixth creative "day", previously "quite some time",[151][155][174][175] changed to "a comparatively short period of time" that "may involve only a difference of weeks or months, not years." The change led to expectations that Christ's 1,000 year reign could begin in 1975.[176]
  • 1973: Tobacco use banned. Tobacco users not to be accepted for baptism and baptized Witnesses to be disfellowshipped if they continue to smoke after "a reasonable period of time, such as six months".[177]
  • 1980: Organ transplants, previously banned, deemed a personal decision.[178]
  • 1983: Martial arts and carrying "firearms for protection against humans" disqualify a Witness from "special privileges in the congregation", such as appointment as elder.[179]
  • 1988: Length of creative 'days' in Genesis, previously defined as exactly 7,000 years each, changed to "at least thousands of years in length" [emphasis added][180] and possibly "billions of years ago".[181]
  • 1990: Interval between Adam's creation and the close of the sixth creative "day" changed to "some time", employing a 1963 reference rather than the 1968 change.[182]

1991-present

  • 1995: "This generation" at Matthew 24:34, previously defined as a typical human lifespan since Jesus' parousia in 1914, redefined as a class of people displaying certain characteristics for an indefinite period of time.[183][184][185][186]
  • 1995: Fulfillment of Jesus' parable of the sheep and the goats, previously considered to have been ongoing since 1914, changed to after the start of the 'great tribulation'.[187][188]
  • 1995: The expression "vindication of Jehovah’s name" declared unnecessary, with emphasis on "vindicating his sovereignty" and "sanctifying his name" as being more accurate.[189] The former expression had not appeared in any publication since 1991.[190]
  • 2007: Selection of the 144,000 "anointed", previously considered to have ended in 1935,[191] changed to an indefinite period.[192]
  • 2008: "This generation" redefined as "anointed" believers, who will "not pass away" before the great tribulation begins.[193]

Criticism

Former Governing Body member Raymond Franz and Sociology lecturer Andrew Holden have pointed out that doctrines – including those relating to sexual behaviour in marriage and the "superior authorities" of Romans 13:4 – have sometimes been altered, only to be reverted to those held decades earlier.[194] Holden, author of a major ethnographic study on the religion, commented: "It could be that many Witnesses have not yet been in the organisation long enough to realise that 'new lights' have a habit of growing dimmer, while old ones are switched back on!"[195] In his study of the Witnesses and their history, Tony Wills has suggested that when third president Nathan H. Knorr altered major doctrines established by his predecessor, J. F. Rutherford, he was returning the Witnesses to many of Russell's teachings. He asked: "How can the Society harmonize this circular development with the claimed progressive development?"[196]

In testimony at a 1954 court case in Scotland, senior Watch Tower Society figures admitted that although doctrines were subject to change if they were later regarded as erroneous, all Witnesses were required to accept current teachings or risk expulsion. Under cross-examination, then Society vice president Fred Franz conceded a Witness could be disfellowshipped and shunned for holding a belief that was contrary to Society teaching but subsequently embraced by the religion.[197] Society lawyer Hayden G. Covington told the court that although the Society had for decades published a "false prophecy ... a false statement" about the date of Christ's Second Coming, members of the religion had been required to accept it and any who had rejected it would have been expelled. He explained: "You must understand we must have unity, we cannot have disunity with a lot of people going every way."[198]

References

  1. ^ Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press, Fourth edition. p. 106. 
  2. ^ "Seek God's guidance in all things", The Watchtower, April 15, 2008, page 11.
  3. ^ "How the Governing Body Is Organized", The Watchtower, May 15, 2008, page 29.
  4. ^ "Jehovah, the God of Progressive Revelation", Watchtower, June 15, 1964, page 365|"The abundance of spiritual food and the amazing details of Jehovah’s purposes that have been revealed to Jehovah’s anointed witnesses are clear evidence that they are the ones mentioned by Jesus when he foretold a 'faithful and discreet slave' class that would be used to dispense God’s progressive revelations in these last days ... How thankful we should be for the provision God has made of this slave class, the modern spiritual remnant, as they faithfully dispense the revealed truths of Jehovah! ... Jehovah’s faithful witnesses have been progressively brought to an understanding of Jehovah’s purposes, which are clearer now than ever before in history."
  5. ^ Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. pp. 152–164. ISBN 0-914675-17-6. 
  6. ^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. pp. 22, 10, 158, 163. ISBN 0-415-26610-6. 
  7. ^ "The Godly Qualities of Love and Hate". The Watchtower. 15 July 1974, "Christians have implicit trust in their heavenly Father; they do not question what he tells them through his written Word and organization."
  8. ^ The Time is At Hand, By C. T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1891, page B39, "And though the Bible contains no direct statement that the seventh thousand will be the epoch of Christ's reign, the great Sabbath Day of restitution to the world, yet the venerable tradition is not without a reasonable foundation.".
  9. ^ Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, October 1, 1907, R4067: page 294, "Can we feel absolutely sure that the Chronology set forth in the DAWN-STUDIES is correct? ...we have never claimed our calculations to be infallibly correct; we have never claimed that they were knowledge, nor based upon indisputable evidence, facts, knowledge; our claim has always been that they are based on faith. We have set forth the evidences as plainly as possible and stated the conclusions of faith we draw from them, and have invited others to accept as much or as little of them as their hearts and heads could endorse. ...Possibly some who have read the DAWNS have presented our conclusions more strongly than we; but if so that is their own responsibility."
  10. ^ "Impart God’s Progressive Revelation to Mankind", The Watchtower, March 1, 1965, p. 158-159
  11. ^ Penton, M. J. Penton. Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 165-171. 
  12. ^ Flashes of Light—Great and Small", The Watchtower, May 15, 1995, page 15.
  13. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses, Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 709.
  14. ^ Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 165. ISBN 0802079733, 9780802079732. 
  15. ^ J. F. Rutherford, Preparation, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1933, page 64, 67, "Enlightenment proceeds from Jehovah by and through Christ Jesus and is given to the faithful anointed on earth at the temple, and brings great peace and consolation to them. Again Zechariah talked with the angel of the Lord, which shows that the remnant are instructed by the angels of the Lord. The remnant do not hear audible sounds, because such is not necessary. Jehovah has provided his own good way to convey thoughts to the minds of his anointed ones ... Those of the remnant, being honest and true, must say, We do not know; and the Lord enlightens them, sending his angels for that very purpose."
  16. ^ Watchtower 1933, pages 53, 62, as cited by M. James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, University of Toronto Press, page 165.
  17. ^ Life Everlasting in Freedom in the Sons of God Watchtower Society, 1966, page 149, as cited by M. James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, University of Toronto Press, page 165.
  18. ^ "“The Things Revealed Belong to Us”", Watchtower, May 15, 1986, pages 10-15, "In 1925 God’s earthly servants became possessors of an accurate understanding... In 1932 their understanding was deepened still further. Jehovah revealed that the prophecies related ...to spiritual Israel, the Christian congregation. (Romans 2:28, 29) Then, in 1935 a corrected understanding of John’s vision of the “great crowd” in Revelation chapter 7 opened the eyes of anointed ones to the huge gathering work that still lay ahead of them.".
  19. ^ "Flashes of Light - Great and Small", Watchtower, May 15, 1995, page 17, 18.
  20. ^ Light 1, 1930, page 64.
  21. ^ Light 1, 1930, page 106.
  22. ^ Watchtower, December 1, 1933, page 364, "Without doubt these angels are delegated by the Lord to convey his instructions to the members of his organization on earth. Just how this is done is not necessary for us to understand."
  23. ^ "You Must Be Holy Because Jehovah Is Holy", Watchtower, February 15, 1976, page 123
  24. ^ "Keep in Step With Jehovah’s Organization", Watchtower, January 15, 2001, page 18.
  25. ^ "To Whom Shall We Go but Jesus Christ?", The Watchtower, March 1, 1979, pages 23-24.
  26. ^ "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, October 15, 1954, page 638.
  27. ^ "Name and Purpose of The Watchtower", The Watchtower, August 15, 1950, page 263.
  28. ^ Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, January 1, 1908, page 2.
  29. ^ Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. pp. 492. ISBN 0-914675-17-6. 
  30. ^ "Ransom and Restitution", Millennial Dawn, Vol 1, The Divine Plan of the Ages, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1886, chapter 9.
  31. ^ Charles Taze Russell, "Haverst Gatherings and Siftings", Zion's Watch Tower, July 15, 1906, p. 3821 (reprint).
  32. ^ 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 36.
  33. ^ "Who Can Read the Sign Aright?", Watchtower, February 1, 1985, page 10.
  34. ^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. pp. 17-23. ISBN 09-455940-6. 
  35. ^ The Three Worlds" by N. H. Barbour & C. T. Russell, 1877, pages 67-77.
  36. ^ The Time is At Hand, By C. T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1891, page B54.
  37. ^ Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 20. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3. 
  38. ^ The Time is At Hand, By C. T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1891, page B39.
  39. ^ Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, August 1879, Reprints 20, page 3.
  40. ^ C.T. Russell, The Object and Manner of Our Lord's Return, 1877.
  41. ^ The Watch Tower, July 1, 1879, p. 7 (reprint).
  42. ^ "Speak the Pure Language and Live Forever!", The Watchtower, May 1, 1991, page 17, "In 1879...a small Bible-study group led by Charles Taze Russell was meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. They had become certain that Jesus’ second coming...would restore Paradise on earth, with eternal life for obedient humans."
  43. ^ Charles Taze Russell, "Haverst Gatherings and Siftings", Zion's Watch Tower, July 15, 1906, p. 3824 (reprint).
  44. ^ C.T. Russell, The Divine Plan of the Ages, 1886, study IX, page 172, "These things are clearly taught in the Scriptures, from beginning to end, and are in direct opposition to the Evolution theory; or, rather, such "babblings of science, falsely so called," are in violent and irreconcilable conflict with the Word of God."
  45. ^ Watch Tower, January 1880, Watch Tower Reprints page 64 As Retrieved 2009-09-23, page 2
  46. ^ Watch Tower, April 1881, Watch Tower Reprints page 207 As Retrieved 2009-09-23, page 7, "And why did they thus keep the people in ignorance? Because they feared that if people knew this, the only text which gives even a shadow of support to the doctrine of the TRINITY, to be an interpolation to support a papal error, they might renounce the error".
  47. ^ Zion's Watch Tower, September 1881, Watch Tower Reprints page 278 As Retrieved 2009-09-23, page 132, "As to the motives and errors which may have led to these unwarranted interpolations of the [Bible] text, we may be able to offer a suggestion, viz., the last mentioned (1 John 5:7,8) was probably intended to give authority and sanction to the doctrine of the "Trinity."
  48. ^ Watch Tower, October 1881, Watch Tower Reprints page 290 As Retrieved 2009-09-23, page 4, ""He gave his only begotten Son." This phraseology brings us into conflict with an old Babylonian theory, viz.: Trinitarianism. If that doctrine is true, how could there be any Son to give? A begotten Son, too? Impossible. If these three are one, did God send himself? And how could Jesus say: "My Father is greater than I." John 14:28. [emphasis retained from original]"
  49. ^ Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, July 1882, Reprints 370, page 3.
  50. ^ Penton, M. J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 343, note 64, "Barbour and Paton were trinitarians ... although Henry Grew and George Stetson, two others who had influenced him, were non-trinitarians, Russell did not take a stand on the matter, at least publicly, until after his split with Paton.". 
  51. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses, Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 120.
  52. ^ N.H. Barbour, C.T. Russell, Three Worlds, 1877, page 57, "I am beginning to think Age-to-come people, and many others among pre-millennialists, do not believe in anything of a spiritual nature, or have the most remote comprehension of things of that order; either that the saint is raised 'a spiritual body,' or in the existence of spiritual beings, or even of the Holy Spirit itself. I know one class of age-to-come believers, the Christadelphians, do not. The Holy Spirit, say they, is but a principle, or element of power, and not an intelligence. It is nothing more nor less than 'electricity;' is taught in one of their books, now before me. What wonder they discern only a fleshly future."
  53. ^ J.H. Paton, Day Dawn, A.D Jones, 1880, page 225, 229, "The work of the Holy Spirit is one of the most important elements in the plan of revelation and salvation. He is always spoken of by the Saviour as a Person, and is called the " Spirit of truth." We will follow the Saviour's example in this, though we do not propose to deal with the philosophy of that fact. He being the Spirit of truth, it is His mission to make known the truth."
  54. ^ Zion's Watch Tower, July 1880, page 8, "But the Spirit cannot resign his work until it is complete."
  55. ^ Zion's Watch Tower, August 1880, page 4, "Then let the Spirit use his sword upon others as he may see fit to humble them, strip them of pride, and bring them to the rock that is higher than they."
  56. ^ Zion's Watch Tower, November 1880, page 8, "The Spirit is still our leader and instructor. He is now telling us of Him who comes by way of unseen presence that He is here present."
  57. ^ Zion's Watch Tower, March 1881, page 5, "The number three is surprisingly prominent, as the subject opens before us ... We would first call attention to the Divine Three – Father, Son and Holy Spirit – often mentioned in the Bible."
  58. ^ Charles Taze Russell, "Haverst Gatherings and Siftings", Zion's Watch Tower, July 15, 1906, p. 3825 (reprint).
  59. ^ Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, May 1882, Reprints 356, page 8.
  60. ^ Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, September 1882, Reprints 392, page 4.
  61. ^ "The Three Great Covenants", Zion's Watch Tower, March 1880.
  62. ^ "The New Covenant vs the Law Covenant", Zion's Watch Tower, September 1887.
  63. ^ a b Wills, Tony (2006). A People For His Name. Lulu Enterprises. pp. 63-68. ISBN 9781430301004. 
  64. ^ C. T. Russell, Thy Kingdom Come, 1891, study VII, pages 239-242. See also study IX, page 306.
  65. ^ Charles Taze Russell, "Haverst Gatherings and Siftings", Zion's Watch Tower, July 15, 1906, p. 3823 (reprint).
  66. ^ The Time Is At Hand by C.T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1891, page 78.
  67. ^ "The Outlook - War & Prosperity", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, September 15, 1901 (R2876 page 292)
  68. ^ "Universal Anarchy", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, July 1, 1904 (R3389 page 197)
  69. ^ The New Creation, (Volume VI of Studies in the Scriptures), 1904.|“We have every reason to believe that the definite, fixed number of the elect [chosen anointed ones] is that several times stated in Revelation (7:4; 14:1); namely, 144,000 ‘redeemed from amongst men."
  70. ^ "Our Advocate, the World's Mediator," Zion's Watch Tower, January 1, 1907.
  71. ^ "The Word Mediator Used Differently,", Watch Tower, January 1909.
  72. ^ Scenario of the Photo-Drama of Creation, ©1914 International Bible Students Association, page 3
  73. ^ "Views from the Watch Tower", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, January 1, 1914 (R5373: page 3)
  74. ^ The Time Is At Hand, Studies in the Scriptures, Study 2, Vol 4., 1889, page B101.
  75. ^ "Overcome With Wine", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, January 15, 1892 (R1357: page 27)
  76. ^ "What Smiting of the Waters May Mean", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, February 1, 1916 (R5845: page 38)
  77. ^ "The Burning of the Tares", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, September 1, 1916 (R5951: page 265)
  78. ^ The Watch Tower, October 1, 1913, pgs 291-295.
  79. ^ Zion's Watch Tower, April 1, 1916, pages 98-99.
  80. ^ The Watch Tower, December 15, 1919, pg 375.
  81. ^ The Time Is At Hand, Studies in the Scriptures, Study 2, Vol 7., 1889, page B233.
  82. ^ Watch Tower, July 1, 1920, page 196.
  83. ^ "View from the Tower", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, January 15, 1892 (R1354: page 19)
  84. ^ New Heavens and a New Earth, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1953, page 225.
  85. ^ Watch Tower, November 1, 1922, pages 332-337.
  86. ^ a b Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 72. ISBN 080207973. 
  87. ^ "The Keys of the Kingdom and the Great Crowd", Watchtower, October 1, 1971, page 14.
  88. ^ Watch Tower, October 15, 1923.
  89. ^ Wills, Tony (2006). A People For His Name. Lulu Enterprises. pp. 141-142. ISBN 9781430301004. 
  90. ^ Watch Tower, January 1, 1925.
  91. ^ J.F. Rutherford, Light, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1931, page 134.
  92. ^ J.F. Rutherford, Light, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1931, page 223.
  93. ^ J.F. Rutherford, Light, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1931, page 251.
  94. ^ Zion's Watch Tower, August 1, 1892, page 238.
  95. ^ The Finished Mystery, 1917, pages 256-258. See comment on Rev. 16:16-20.
  96. ^ Watch Tower, March 1, 1925, page 69.
  97. ^ J. F. Rutherford, The Battle of Armageddon, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1889, page 541.
  98. ^ "Restoration of True Religion", Watchtower, March 1, 1954, page 150.
  99. ^ Thy Kingdom Come, by Charles T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1889, page 306.
  100. ^ Watch Tower, June 1, 1927.
  101. ^ Light by J. F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1930, page 226.
  102. ^ Thy Kingdom Come, by Charles T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1889, Study 2, page 23.
  103. ^ Creation by J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1927, chapter 12, page 314.
  104. ^ The Battle of Armageddon (Part IV, "Studies in the Scriptures") by C. T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1897, page 613.
  105. ^ Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, July 15, 1906, page 215.
  106. ^ Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, Commentary Press, 2007, page 78-79.
  107. ^ Watch Tower, March 1, 1923, pages 68 and 71, as cited by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, Commentary Press, 2007, page 63.
  108. ^ Watch Tower, January 1, 1927 and February, pages 7, 51-7, as cited by Penton, Apocalypse Delayed.
  109. ^ "The Corroborative Testimony of God's Stone Witness and Prophet, The Great Pyramid in Egypt", Chapter 10, Thy Kingdom Come, third volume of Studies in the Scriptures, 1910.
  110. ^ Watchtower, June 15, 1922, page 187, as reproduced by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, page 225, 226.
  111. ^ Watchtower, 1928, pages 339-45, 355-62, as cited by M. James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, University of Toronto Press, page 170.
  112. ^ "The Prince of Peace", Zion's Watch Tower & Herald of Christ's Presence, December 1, 1904, page 364.
  113. ^ The Golden Age, December 24, 1919, page 215.|Christmas is regarded by many people as the date of the birth of the babe Jesus in a manger at Bethlehem. Whether the date is correct or not is of small importance, but the event was and is of the greatest importance."
  114. ^ 1975 Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, page 146
  115. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 152.
  116. ^ a b Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, page 484.
  117. ^ "The Higher Powers", Watch Tower, June 1929, pages 163-169, 179-185.
  118. ^ a b Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 65. ISBN 080207973. 
  119. ^ M. James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, page 62.
  120. ^ Preservation by J. F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1932, page 103-194.
  121. ^ Watch Tower, October 1, 1932, page 294.
  122. ^ Preparation, ©1933 by J. F. Rutherford, Watch Tower, page 196
  123. ^ Vindication, Book 2, by J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1932, pages 258, 269, 295.
  124. ^ Vindication, Book 3, by J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1932, page 333.
  125. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 165.
  126. ^ Watchtower, August 15, 1934, as cited by Tony Wills, A People For His Name, pg 192-193.
  127. ^ Vindication, J. F. Rutherford, Book III, pages 83. 84.
  128. ^ Watchtower, January 15, 1927, pg 26, 27, "He who is called to be a minister of God must be a new creature, begotten of God's holy spirit; none other can have a share. In this ministry only those who are new creatures in Jesus Christ are entitled to share." As cited by Tony Wills, A People For His Name,(2007), pg 194.
  129. ^ Prophecy by J. F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1929, chapter 4, page 65.
  130. ^ Watch Tower, December 1, 1933, page 362.|"In the year 1914 that due time of waiting came to an end. Christ Jesus received the authority of the kingdom and was sent forth by Jehovah to rule amidst his enemies. The year 1914, therefore, marks the second coming of the Lord Jesus Christ, the King of glory."
  131. ^ Penton, M. James (1997, 2nd ed.). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 69. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3. 
  132. ^ Jehovah, J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1934.
  133. ^ Watchtower, November 1, 1917, page 6161.
  134. ^ J.F. Rutherford, Jehovah, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1934, page 191.
  135. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1959, page 140.
  136. ^ The Watchtower, March 1, 1935
  137. ^ The Golden Age, October 12, 1921, Page 17, "Vaccination never prevented anything and never will, and is the most barbarous practice ... We are in the last days; and the devil is slowly losing his hold, making a strenuous effort meanwhile to do all the damage he can, and to his credit can such evils be placed ... Use your rights as American citizens to forever abolish the devilish practice of vaccinations."
  138. ^ The Golden Age, January 5, 1929, Page 502, "Thinking people would rather have smallpox than vaccination, because the latter sows seeds of syphilis, cancers, eczema, erysipelas, scrofula, consumption, even leprosy and many other loathsome affections. Hence the practice of vaccinations is a crime, an outrage, and a delusion."
  139. ^ The Golden Age, April 2, 1935, Page 465, "As vaccination is a direct injection of animal matter in the blood stream, vaccination is a direct violation of the law of Jehovah God."
  140. ^ Riches, by J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1936, page 27.
  141. ^ Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. pp. 150. ISBN 0-914675-17-6. 
  142. ^ Watchtower, November 1, 1937, page 336, as cited by Tony Wills, A People For His Name, pg 195.
  143. ^ Watchtower, March 1, 1930, page 71, "Since "Christ' means the anointed of God, it is manifestly true that no one can properly be termed a Christian who is not in Christ and who has not received the anointing."
  144. ^ A People for His Name, Tony Wills, pgs 186-187, citing Watchtower October 15, 1938, pg 307, Watchtower, November 1, 1938, page 323, Watchtower, November 15, 1938, page 346.
  145. ^ Watch Tower, November 1, 1939, as cited by Jehovah's Witnesses, Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 193.
  146. ^ The Watchtower, July 1, 1942, pages 205-206
  147. ^ The Time Is At Hand, by C. T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1889, page B54.
  148. ^ Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, May 15, 1896, R1980 page 112.
  149. ^ Three Worlds, by N. H. Barbour and C. T. Russell, 1877, pages 67, 186, as cited by Edmund Gruss, The Jehovah's Witnesses and Prophetic Speculation, 1972, pages 62-63.
  150. ^ The Truth Shall Make You Free, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1943, chapter 11, page 151.
  151. ^ a b Gruss, Edmond C. (1972). The Jehovah's Witnesses and Prophetic Speculation. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co. pp. 68-69. ISBN 0-87552-306-4. 
  152. ^ Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 89. ISBN 080207973. 
  153. ^ The Watchtower, May 15, 1944.
  154. ^ What Pastor Russell Said by Leslie W. Jones, 1917, pages 479-480, as cited by James Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, page 31.
  155. ^ a b "Questions From Readers". The Watchtower: 94-95. 1 February 1955. 
  156. ^ Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 153. ISBN 080207973. 
  157. ^ The Watchtower, July 1. 1945.
  158. ^ Questions From Readers, Watchtower, October 1, 1951.
  159. ^ The Watchtower, December 15, 1952.
  160. ^ "Questions From Readers", Watchtower, September 15, 1958|"Q: Are we to consider the injection of serums such as diphtheria toxin antitoxin and blood fractions such as gamma globulin into the blood stream, for the purpose of building up resistance to disease by means of antibodies, the same as the drinking of blood or the taking of blood or blood plasma by means of transfusion? A: No, it does not seem necessary that we put the two in the same category, although we have done so in times past.
  161. ^ "Questions From Readers". The Watchtower: 95. 1 February 1955. 
  162. ^ "Interesting Queries", Watch Tower, July 15, 1898, page 216.
  163. ^ Watchtower, November 15, 1939, page 339|"Jehovah God commands all to worship Christ Jesus because Christ Jesus is the express image of his Father, Jehovah"
  164. ^ Watchtower, October 15, 1945, page 313|"Since Jehovah God now reigns as King by means of his capital organization Zion, then whosoever would worship Him must also worship and bow down to Jehovah's Chief One in that capital organization, namely, Christ Jesus."
  165. ^ "Questions From Readers", Watchtower, January 1, 1954, page 30.
  166. ^ "Modern Restoration of True Worship (1919-1932)", The Watchtower, May 15, 1955, page 296, "Jesus—then to expand on a global scale—so now in the spring of 1919 there was an outpouring of Jehovah’s holy spirit organizationally upon the Christian remnant."
  167. ^ Watchtower, January 15, 1961, page 63.
  168. ^ Watchtower, November 15, 1962.
  169. ^ The Divine Plan of the Ages, by C. T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1886, page 266.|"They taught the Church to obey the laws, and to respect those in authority because of their office, even if they were not personally worthy of esteem; to pay their appointed taxes, and, except where they conflicted with God's laws (Acts 4: 19; 5: 29), to offer no resistance to any established law. (Rom. 13: 1 - 7)"
  170. ^ "The Congregation in the Time of the End", Watchtower, March 1, 1961, page 146.
  171. ^ All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1963, page 286.
  172. ^ "The Removal of Mankind’s Chief Disturber". The Watchtower: 446-447. 15 July 1967. 
  173. ^ Watchtower, November 15, 1967, pages 702-704
  174. ^ "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, February 1, 1955, page 95, "However, from our present chronology (which is admitted imperfect) at best the fall of the year 1976 would be the end of 6,000 years of human history for mankind... Obviously, whatever amount of Adam’s 930 years was lived before the beginning of that seventh-day rest of Jehovah, that unknown amount would have to be added to the 1976 date."
  175. ^ Thy Kingdom Come by C. T. Russell, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1889, pages 127-128. "long enough [for Adam] to realize his lack of a companion" and an additional "two years would not be an improbable estimate" to have passed between Adam's creation and Edenic expulsion (beginning the seventh creative day).
  176. ^ "Why Are You Looking Forward to 1975?", The Watchtower, August 15, 1968, page 499-500
  177. ^ Watchtower, June 1, 1973, page 340.
  178. ^ "Questions From Readers", Watchtower, March 15, 1980, page 31.
  179. ^ “Seek Peace and Pursue It”, The Watchtower, July 15, 1983, page 25
  180. ^ "Creation", Insight, volume 1, ©1988 Watch Tower, page 545
  181. ^ "What Does Genesis Really Say?", The Watchtower, December 8, 1988, page 24, "The opening words of Genesis tell us: “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” (Genesis 1:1) Do these words of Genesis say that this happened about ten thousand years ago? No, it gives no time period. “The beginning” could therefore have been billions of years ago."
  182. ^ All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1990, page 286.
  183. ^ Watchtower, November 1, 1995, page 20.
  184. ^ Watchtower, June 1, 1997, page 28.|"The recent information in The Watchtower about "this generation" did not change our understanding of what occurred in 1914. But it did give us a clearer grasp of Jesus' use of the term "generation," helping us to see that his usage was no basis for calculating-counting from 1914 – how close to the end we are."
  185. ^ Joel P. Engardio (December 18, 1995). "Apocalypse Later". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/104359. 
  186. ^ Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 317. ISBN 080207973. 
  187. ^ Watchtower, February 1, 1995.
  188. ^ Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 316. ISBN 080207973. 
  189. ^ "Part 2—Flashes of Light—Great and Small", The Watchtower, May 15, 1995, page 25
  190. ^ "Chapter 24: Why Jesus Came to Earth", The Greatest Man Who Ever Lived, ©1991, "Jesus came to earth particularly to preach about God’s Kingdom, which will vindicate his Father’s name"
  191. ^ Watchtower, February 15, 1995, p.19.
  192. ^ Watchtower, May 1, 2007, pages 30-31.|"It appears that we can not set a specific date for when the calling of Christians to the heavenly hope ends."
  193. ^ "Watchtower", February 15, 2008, pages 23-24|"On the other hand, Christ's faithful anointed brothers, the modern-day John class, have recognized this sign as if it were a flash of lightning and have understood its true meaning. As a class, these anointed ones make up the modern-day "generation" of contemporaries that will not pass away "until all these things occur."* This suggests that some who are Christ's anointed brothers will still be alive on earth when the foretold great tribulation begins."
  194. ^ Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. pp. 480–488. ISBN 0-914675-17-6. 
  195. ^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. pp. 32. ISBN 0-415-26610-6. 
  196. ^ Wills, Tony (2006). A People For His Name. Lulu Enterprises. pp. 253. ISBN 9781430301004. 
  197. ^ Testimony by Fred Franz, Transcript, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954, as cited by Heather and Gary Botting, The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses, University of Toronto Press, 1984, page 67. ISBN 0-8020-6545-7.
  198. ^ Testimony by Hayden Covington, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954, as cited by Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, page 23-25. Also available at Pursuer's Proof: Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh Transcript, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954.

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