Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) is the commonly used name of a camouflage pattern used by British forces as well many other armies worldwide, particularly in former British colonies.
The main variants of DPM are a four-colour woodland pattern, and desert patterns in two, three or four colours.
DPM has also been produced in black/white/grey, in various blue tones and even in purples (this last for the Swazi Royal Guard).
DPM is currently being phased out in British military service, being superseded by Multi-Terrain Pattern.
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History
The British army first used a form of DPM for the famous Denison smock issued to parachute and commando troops from the early 1940s. The first examples of this design were said to be hand-painted.[citation needed] The Denison smock design went through minor changes, and continued in use with the Royal Marines and the Parachute Regiment (until the 1970s).
1960 Pattern
From 1960, the British Army had been issued with the 1960 Pattern field-uniform range to replace the Second World War-era khaki Battledress. This consisted of a Smock, combat; Trousers, combat; a Hood, attached to the Smock by the two epaulette buttons and a third concealed under the collar; and for exceptionally cold conditions, a Parka. These resemble a US Army design, and were made from a tightly woven cotton fabric in plain olive green.
The first, limited, use of DPM
A new British DPM was developed in the early 1960s, using the four basic western European temperate colours of black, dark brown, mid-green and a dark sand to make a very effective camouflage that has survived in its basic design, with no more than slight changes to the colours and pattern, until current times.
This design was probably used first on a very small scale for a hooded Smock, Windproof, 1963 Pattern, issued only to special forces.
In 1966 the Army introduced for the first time, though not universally, a camouflage field uniform. Known informally as the 1966 Pattern, it was in fact identical in design to the 1960 Pattern kit, though of course now made in DPM fabric. It is labelled, like the earlier plain olive green version, Smock, combat, 1960 Pattern and Trousers, combat, 1960 Pattern.
The 1966 DPM range did not completely replace the plain olive green 1960 Pattern Smock and Trousers, which continued to be worn widely until the 1968 DPM kit was issued. Both The Royal Marines and the Parachute Regiment continued to wear the Trousers, combat 1960 Pattern with the Denison smock, and examples of these trousers were made even after 1968. These units eventually stopped issuing the Denison smock (in mid - late 1970s) and adopted smocks in the general-issue DPM while still for a time wearing the plain olive 1960 Pattern Trousers.
The 1968 Pattern range - the first general use of DPM
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Before the 1966 Pattern equipment had reached all units a slightly revised design of Smock, combat and Trousers, combat were introduced as the 1968 Pattern range. The 1966 Pattern DPM fabric design was changed very little for the 1968 issue, and it seems that the 1968 Pattern garments were made for some time in the two very similar DPM fabrics. A Hood, combat, DPM, made of DPM cotton fabric and with a plain olive green lining, was also included in the range, fastened as required to the back of the Smock with the two epaulette buttons and a third under the collar.
In this the British army was the first to adopt a camouflage uniform universally.
For the Royal Marines, which had a responsibility for NATO's northern flank, a Smock, Windproof, Arctic and Trousers, Windproof, Arctic were introduced c1972. These were made in a lightweight but windproof DPM fabric, and could be worn over quilted jacket and trousers in extreme cold conditions. The design of both smock and trousers differ radically from both the standard and para designs. The smock is long and loose-fitting, and incorporates a voluminous wired-rim hood, while the trousers have zips in the lower leg to allow them to be put on over boots.
In the mid 1970s a new Smock Parachutist DPM (Para smock) was introduced for the Parachute Regiment and other airborne units. Though made in the 1968 Pattern cotton fabric, its design was closer to that of its predecessor, the Denison smock.
At the same time a Smock, Sniper, was introduced, based heavily on the Smock Parachutist DPM and sharing many of its details. It was distinguished by its padded elbows and shoulders, relocated lower pockets, multiple loops for securing natural camouflage material and hooks for the rifle sling.
During the late 1970s, batches of the 68 pattern camouflage were used by the USAF Police Tactical Neutralisation Teams at RAF Upper Heyford as a temporary stand-in for the ERDL/M81 Woodland fatigues.
Later developments
The pattern was changed slightly with subsequent issues. The 1984 Pattern has fewer dots and the brown is much darker; 1990 and later has a band of new shapes and is smaller; 1994 has an orangey colour instead of a tan.
DPM items in the Combat Soldier 95[1] (CS95) clothing system have similar colours to the 1966 uniform.
Although slight changes have been made to DPM and the colours, the pattern is easy to recognise. There are also jungle versions of DPM where the colours are brighter, and on one variation the tan is darker than the green. A desert variant was first issued on a limited basis in the late 1980s. This appeared very similar, but consisted of subdued sand and khaki hues. This was replaced by a two-colour version by 1990 because four-colour versions had been adopted by some Middle Eastern countries, notably Iraq.
From 1990 a system of Personal Load Carrying Equipment (PLCE)[2] was introduced, initially produced in olive green. The olive type was quickly replaced in production by a DPM version, and now almost all British issue webbing and rucksacks are DPM.
Current issued DPM equipment is IRR (Infra-red Reflective) coated. This coating has a specific reflective wavelength in order to blend in with natural colours in the infra-red light spectrum. This reduces the visibility of soldiers to night vision devices, which detect infra-red light, as trees and other green plants reflect deep red and infra-red light (the Wood Effect).
Replacement - Multi-Terrain Pattern
Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP) is a six-colour camouflage pattern intended to replace both the four colour woodland DPM uniform and the desert pattern uniform used by the British Armed forces. MTP was procured and announced in late 2009, predicated around use in the Afghanistan theatre of operations but applicable to other theatres. A range of patterns were trialled and evaluated in Britain, Cyprus, Kenya and Afghanistan against DPM, desert patterns and existing commercially available patterns.[3] From mid 2010, combat clothing was produced in MTP and issued to forces deploying to Afghanistan.
See also
- Military uniform
- Battledress
- Camouflage
- List of camouflage patterns
- Personal Load Carrying Equipment
- DPCU
- Denison smock
- Smock Windproof DPM
- Canadian Para Smock
- DPM Parachute Smock
- CADPAT
Further reading
- Blechman, Hardy and Newman, Alex (2004). DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material. DPM Ltd. ISBN 0-9543404-0-X.
- Behrens, Roy R. (2002). FALSE COLORS: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage. Bobolink Books. ISBN 0-9713244-0-9.
- Behrens, Roy R. (2009). CAMOUPEDIA: A Compendium of Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage. Bobolink Books. ISBN 978-0-9713244-6-6.
References
- ^ THE DEFENCE SUPPLY CHAIN MANUAL JSP 336 (3rd Edition) VOLUME 12 PART 3 PAMPHLET 5 SECTION 4 COMBAT SOLDIER 95 (CS 95) Dated 1 Sep 2004
- ^ "Personal Load Carrying Equipment". Personal Equipment. British Army. http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/personal/1455.aspx. Retrieved February 04, 2012.
- ^ "New Afghanistan camouflage design unveiled". MoD Defence News Online. 2009-12-21. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/NewAfghanistanCamouflageDesignUnveiled.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-21.
External links
- Henrik Clausen's vast camouflage pattern resource
- Camotest.de - over 70 Camo-Patterns in direct comparison - British Temperate-DPM in Test
- Camotest.de - over 70 Camo-Patterns in direct comparison - British Desert-DPM in Test
- USAF Police Tactical Neutralisation Team at RAF Upper Hayford wearing 68 Pattern Camouflage
- Army to get new camouflage uniform|publisher=BBC|date=20 December 2009
- Army to get new uniforms|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=0 Dec 2009
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