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The Duchy of Carinthia (German: Herzogtum Kärnten; Slovene: Vojvodina Koroška) was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire from 976 until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806, and a crownland of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918. By the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain the main area of the duchy formed the Austrian state of Carinthia, a small southeastern part (about half of the present region of Slovene Carinthia and the Municipality of Jezersko) was included into the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, while the Canale Valley with the municipality of Tarvisio was ceded to the Kingdom of Italy.
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Carantania and medieval dynasties
In the 7th century the area was part of the Slavic principality of Carantania and later of the empire of Charlemagne from 788 to 843, when it became part of the eastern Frankish kingdom of King Louis the German. From 889 to 976 it was the Carinthian March of Bavaria, but Count Berthold was already raised to the status of a duke by King Henry I of Germany. After Berthold became Duke of Bavaria in 938 both territories were ruled by one duke.
In 976 Emperor Otto II deposed Duke Henry II. "the Quarreller" of Bavaria, and by creating a sixth duchy in his empire, the new Duchy of Carinthia, split the latter's lands investing Henry the Younger as duke for the Duchy of Carinthia and Otto I of Swabia for the Duchy of Bavaria. In 995, Adalbero I of Eppenstein became margrave and in 1012 Duke of Carinthia. He was removed from office in 1035. In 1077, the duchy was given to Luitpold, another member of the Eppenstein family, which, however, ended with the death of Henry III of Carinthia in 1122. At that time, the duchy was considerably reduced in area: a large part of what is today Upper Styria passed to Ottokar II of Styria. The remainder of Carinthia passed from the last Eppenstein duke, Henry III of Carinthia, to his godchild Henry of the Spanheim family, who as Henry IV. ruled from 1122 to his early death the following year[1]. The most outstanding of the Spanheim dukes was Bernhard, the first Carinthian duke who was actually described and honoured in documents as "prince of the land".[2] The last Spanheim duke was Ulrich III, who chose Ottokar II of Bohemia as his heir. The last Spanheim, Philipp, who was Archbishop of Salzburg, attempted to become duke but did not prevail against Ottokar in spite of being supported by Rudolf of Habsburg. He died in 1279.
Habsburgs
Rudolf, after defeating Ottokar and becoming King of Germany, gave Carinthia to Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol. In 1335, after the death of Henry, the last male of this line, Emperor Louis the Bavarian gave Carinthia and the southern part of the Tyrol as an imperial fief on May 2, 1335 in Linz to the Habsburg family who ruled it until 1918. As the other component parts of the Habsburg monarchy, Carinthia remained a semi-autonomous state with its own constitutional structure for a long time. The Habsburgs divided up their territories within the family twice, in the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg and again in 1564. Each time, the Duchy of Carinthia became part of Inner Austria and was ruled jointly with Styria and Carniola.
Maria Theresa of Austria and Joseph II attempted to create a more unitary Habsburg state, and in 1804, Carinthia was integrated into the Austrian Empire. In 1867, it became a Kronland of Cisleithania, the western part of Austria-Hungary. See History of Austria.
Over the centuries, German, which carried more prestige, expanded at the expense of Slovene, but the fact that in the 16th century the Estates of Carinthia could still point out that Carinthia was "a Windic Archduchy", i.e. a sovereign Slovene principality, shows that the Carinthian people were aware of their ancient and pre-German roots.
20th century
Following the end of the First World War and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Treaty of Saint-Germain stipulated the Carinthian Canale Valley from Tarvisio south as far as Pontebba go to Italy and that the Slovene-speaking areas of the Meža Valley, the Drava Valley area around Unterdrauburg,which was afterwards renamed Dravograd, and the Jezersko area be ceded to the new SHS-State. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, however, was not satisfied with these parts of the former duchy and also occupied land north of the Karawanken mountain range, including the capital city of Klagenfurt. The Entente powers decided on a two-stage referendum, of which the first stage, the Carinthian Plebiscite was held on October 10, 1920 to determine the fate of Carinthia. The outcome in favour of Austria did not change the borders as decided upon in the Treaty of Saint-Germain.
The Austrian part of Carinthia (German: Kärnten) is now a federal state of Austria, the area that was ceded to Italy is now part of the Italian province of Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, and most of the area that had gone to Yugoslavia now forms part of the region of Carinthia in Slovenia.
Dukes of Carinthia
Various dynasties
- Henry I (976-978)
- Otto I (978-985)
- Henry I (985-989), again, Duke of Bavaria 983-985
- Henry II (989-995), also Duke of Bavaria 985-995
- Henry III (995-1002), also Duke of Bavaria 995-1005
- Otto I (1002-1004), again
- Conrad I (1004-1011)
- Adalbero (1011-1035)
- Conrad II (1036-1039)
- Henry IV (1039-1047), also Duke of Bavaria 1026-1041 and Holy Roman Emperor 1046-1056
- Welf (1047-1055)
- Conrad III (1056-1061)
- Berthold II (1061-1077)
- Luitpold (1077-1090)
- Henry V (1090-1122)
House of Spanheim
- Henry IV (1122-1123 )
- Engelbert (1123-1134)
- Ulrich I (1134-1144)
- Henry V (1144-1161)
- Herman II (1161-1181)
- Ulrich II (1181-1201)
- Bernhard (regent from 1199, duke 1202-1256)
- Ulrich III (1256-1269)
Various dynasties
- Otakar (1269-1276), also King of Bohemia 1253-1278
- Rudolph I (1276-1286), also King of Germany 1273-1291
Gorizia-Tyrol
- Meinhard (1286-1295)
- Henry V (1295-1335), also King of Bohemia 1306/1307-1310, jointly with his brothers
- Louis (1295-1305)
- Otto III (1295-1310)
House of Habsburg
- Otto IV (1335-1339), jointly with his brother
- Albert II (1335-1358)
- Frederick (1358-1362), jointly with his brother
- Rudolph II (1358-1365)
- Albert III (1365-1395)
Leopoldinian Line
Habsburg territories reunified in 1458
- Maximilian I (1493-1519), also Holy Roman Emperor 1508-1519
- Charles I (1519-1521), also Holy Roman Emperor 1519-1556
- Ferdinand I (1521-1564), also Holy Roman Emperor 1558-1564
Inner Austrian Habsburgs
- Charles II (1564-1590)
- Ferdinand II (1590-1637), also Holy Roman Emperor 1619-1637
Carinthia was unified with the rest of the Habsburg territories again in 1619. See List of rulers of Austria
Notes and References
See also
- Carantania
- Carantanians
- Carinthian Slovenes
- History of Austria
- History of Slovenia
- Black panther (symbol)
External links
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