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The Duchy of Styria (German: Herzogtum Steiermark; Slovene: Vojvodina Štajerska; Hungarian: Stájerország) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia. It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806 and a crownland of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918. It was created by Frederick Barbarossa in 1180 when he raised Ottokar IV of the March of Styria to the rank of Duke after the fall of Henry the Lion earlier that year. Ottokar was the first and last duke of the ancient Otakar dynasty.
With the death of Ottokar in 1192, the region fell to the Babenberg family, rulers of Austria, as stipulated in the Georgenberg Pact. After their extinction, it passed quickly through the hands of the Kingdom of Hungary (1254–60), Ottokar II of Bohemia (1260–76), and the Habsburgs, who provided it with dukes of their own lineage for the years 1379–1439 and 1564–1619.
At the time of the Ottoman invasions in the 16th and 17th centuries, the land suffered severely and was depopulated. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly twenty times; churches, monasteries, cities, and villages were destroyed and plundered, while the population was either killed or carried away into slavery.
On the collapse of Austria-Hungary in the aftermath of World War I, the rump state of German Austria claimed all of Cisleithania. With the Treaty of St Germain, Austria-Hungary was partitioned broadly along ethnic lines, with most of Styria (Upper Styria, retaining the ducal capital of Graz) remaining with the First Austrian Republic, and the southern third (Lower Styria, with its capital in Maribor) passing to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, eventually becoming a part of modern Slovenia.
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Dukes of Styria
Various dynasties
- Ottokar IV (1180-1192)
- Leopold V of Austria (1192-1194)
- Leopold VI of Austria (1194-1230)
- Frederick II of Austria (1230-1246)
- Ottokar II of Bohemia (1251/1260-1278), against
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- Béla IV of Hungary (1254-1258) and
- Stephen V of Hungary (1258-1260), claimants
House of Habsburg
- Rudolph I (1278-1282), also King of the Romans 1273-1291
- Albert I (1282-1308), also King of the Romans 1298-1308, jointly with his brother
- Rudolph II (1282-1283) and his son
- Rudolph III (1298-1307)
- Frederick the Fair (1308-1330), jointly with his brother
- Leopold I (1308-1326)
- Albert II (1330-1358), jointly with his brother
- Otto the Merry (1330-1339)
- Rudolph IV (1358-1365)
- Albert III (1365-1379), jointly with his brother
- Leopold III (1365-1386)
- William (1386-1406)
- Ernest the Iron (1406-1424)
- Frederick V (1424-1493), also Holy Roman Emperor 1452-1493, jointly with his brother
- Albert VI (1424-1463)
- Maximilian I (1493-1519), also Holy Roman Emperor 1508-1519
- Charles I (1519-1521), Holy Roman Emperor 1530-1556
- Ferdinand I (1521-1564), also Holy Roman Emperor 1558-1564
- Charles II (1564-1590) as Archduke of Inner Austria
See List of rulers of Austria.
See also
External links
- Map of the Balkans, 1815–59, showing the Duchy of Styria
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