The first Duke of Estonia [1] (Danish: Hertug af Estland ) was appointed in 1220 [2] by Valdemar II after Danish conquest of Estonia during Livonian crusade. The title was resumed by the kings of Denmark since 1269. For the period of 1266-82 during the reign of Queen Dowager Margaret Sambiria the title Lady of Estonia (Latin: Domina Estonie) was used.[2]
In 1332 after Christopher II died his elder son Otto inherited the title of the Duke of Estonia. Valdemar III assumed the title in 1338. [3]
The Duke of Estonia rarely resided in Estonia. To govern the Duchy of Estonia the king of Denmark appointed together with royal counsellors the Lieutenant (Latin: Capitaneus) who resided in Reval. [4]
The king of Denmark sold the Duchy to Teutonic Order in 1346 but Christian I reassumed the title of duke of Estonia in 1456. [5]
After the Livonian War Estonia became part of Swedish Empire and the title was gained by kings of Sweden. [6]
The title was resumed by the Russian tsars after the Great Northern War and Treaty of Nystad when Estonia became part of Russian Empire. The last Duke of Estonia (Russian: Князь Эстляндский) was Nicholas II of Russia.[7]
References
- ^ Also known as Duke of Estland or Prince of Estonia or Lord of Estonia
- ^ a b Skyum-Nielsen, Niels (1981). Danish Medieval History & Saxo Grammaticus. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 9788788073300. http://books.google.com/books?id=EUFCkqua7dUC&pg=PA119.
- ^ "Overture in Europe". estonica.org. http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=993&kateg=43&alam=80. Retrieved on 2008-10-05.
- ^ Michael, Jones (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History. ISBN 9780521362900. http://books.google.com/books?id=LOS1c0w91AcC&pg=RA1-PA718.
- ^ Christiansen, Eric (1997). The Northern Crusades. Penguin. ISBN 9780140266535. http://books.google.com/books?id=W02ZZFqP1JcC&q=%22Duke+of+Estonia%22&dq=%22Duke+of+Estonia%22&ei=_c_mSLSKIILeyASUvPXLAQ&pgis=1.
- ^ Moncure, James (1992). Research Guide to European Historical Biography. University of Michigan. ISBN 9780933833289. http://books.google.com/books?id=dU8YAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Duke+of+Estonia%22&dq=%22Duke+of+Estonia%22&lr=&ei=7NnmSKvDM5KQzQTJnfWDAQ&pgis=1.
- ^ Joubert, Carl (1905). Russia as it Really is. E. Nash. http://books.google.com/books?id=FhwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA296&dq=%22Duke+of+Estland%22.
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