List of Earth-crossing minor planets

Diagram showing different asteroid paths. The yellow band marks the Earth's orbit; the red line marks the asteroid's path.
Outer-grazer(†): middle, bottom
Crosser: right, bottom

Close approach trajectory of 2004 FH in the Earth-Moon system

Flyby of the near-Earth asteroid 2004 FH in March 2004. The other object that flashes by is an artificial satellite. Images were by Stefano Sposetti and composite by Raoul Behrend of Geneva Observatory

An Earth-crosser is a Near-Earth asteroid whose orbit crosses that of Earth as observed from the ecliptic pole of Earth's orbit.^[1] The known numbered Earth-crossers are listed here. Those Earth-crossers whose semi-major axes are smaller than Earth's are Aten asteroids; the remaining ones are Apollo asteroids. See also the Amor asteroids.

An asteroid with an Earth-crossing orbit is not necessarily in danger of colliding with the Earth, far from it. The orbit of an Earth-crossing asteroid may not even intersect with the orbit of the Earth. This apparent contradiction arises because many asteroids have highly inclined orbits, so although they may have a perihelion less than that of the Earth, their paths can never cross. An asteroid for which there is some possibility of a collision with the Earth at a future date and which is above a certain size is classified as a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA). Specifically, an asteroid is a PHA if its Earth Minimum Orbital Intersection Distance (MOID) is <0.05 AU and its absolute magnitude is 22 or less.^[2] The concept of PHA is intended to replace the now abandoned strict definition of ECA (Earth-crossing asteroid) which existed for a few years. Determining if an asteroid was an ECA required calculation of its orbits millenia into the future, including planetary gravitational peturbations, to assess whether a collision with Earth was possible and this has proved to be impractical.^[3]

Having a small MOID is not a guarantee of a collision. On the other hand, small gravitational peturbations of the asteroid around its orbit from planets that it passes can significantly alter its path. For instance, 99942 Apophis will approach the Earth so closely in 2029 that it will get under the orbit of the Earth's geostationary satellites. The Earth will change the trajectory of Apophis and the result may be an even closer approach in the future, possibly 2036. It is not currently possible to accurately predict the path of Apophis subsequent to the 2029 encounter because its present orbit is not yet known to a sufficiently high precision - very small differences prior to the planetary encounter can produce large differences in orbit after the encounter.^[4]

Of the Earth-crossing asteroids, 3753 Cruithne is notable for having an orbit that has the same period as Earth's.

List

Notes: † outer-grazer

See also

• Asteroid deflection strategies
• List of Mercury-crossing minor planets
• List of Venus-crossing minor planets
• List of Earth-crossing minor planets
• List of Mars-crossing minor planets
• List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets
• List of Saturn-crossing minor planets
• List of Uranus-crossing minor planets
• List of Neptune-crossing minor planets

References

External links

• Very Close Approaches (<0.01 A.U.) of PHAs to Earth 1800-2200
• Upcoming Close Approaches (<0.10 A.U.) of Near-Earth Objects to Earth