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Australia elects a legislature – the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia – using various electoral systems: see Australian electoral system. The Parliament consists of two chambers:
- The House of Representatives has 150 members, elected for a three-year term in proportional single-member constituencies with a system of alternative vote known as preferential voting.
- The Senate has 76 members, elected through a preferential system of proportional representation in 12-seat state constituencies and two-seat territorial constituencies with a system of single transferable vote. Electors choose territorial senators for a three-year term. The state senators serve for a six-year term, with half of the seats renewed every three years. In the event of a double dissolution, all Senate and House of Representatives seats are up for election.
Australia has a de facto two-party system between the Australian Labor Party and the Coalition of the Liberal Party of Australia, National Party of Australia and Country Liberal Party. It is very difficult for other parties to win representation in the House, let alone form the government. However, minor parties and independent candidates do have reasonable access to the Senate by virtue of its more favourable voting system. In recent decades, several parties besides the ALP and the Coalition have secured significant representation in the Senate, notably the D.L.P (1955-1974); the Australian Democrats (1977-2007); the Greens (WA) (1990-present)[1] and the Australian Greens (1996-present). Independent and other individual senators have also exercised influence, e.g., Brian Harradine (1975-2005), Family First's Steve Fielding (2004-current), and Nick Xenophon (2007-current); and, variously from 1984, representatives of the Nuclear Disarmament Party and One Nation.
Voting in Australian federal and state elections is compulsory.
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Election timing
Although elections for the House of Representatives have usually corresponded to half-elections of the Senate, the rules which determine when the elections occur differ:
- The House of Representatives lasts no more than three years after it first meets, but may be dissolved earlier. After the House is dissolved, the next House must meet within 140 days. The maximum period between elections is therefore 3 years, 140 days, and the minimum approximately a month.
- The terms of senators representing the states are of fixed duration (unless a double dissolution occurs), and elections must occur within a year before the term expires. The terms of senators representing the territories are not fixed, and are tied to the dates of elections for the House of Representatives.
Where a House is dissolved early, House and Senate elections may be asynchronous until either the House is again dissolved sufficiently early or a double dissolution occurs.
"Caretaker" convention
A series of conventions has evolved covering the conduct of the business of government by ministers, their departments of state, and the Public Service during the "caretaker period" of the election. This period begins after the announcement of the election date, when the Governor-General of Australia dissolves the federal parliament on advice from the Prime Minister. It ends after the election result is known and clear, when a newly elected government is sworn into office.
References
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See also
- Electoral calendar
- Electoral system
- Australian electoral system
- List of Australian federal by-elections
External links
- Adam Carr's Election Archive
- Archived websites from Australian electoral campaigns since 1996
- Guidance on Caretaker Conventions – Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)
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