Elective Affinities

Elective Affinities
Title page of first edition
Author	Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Original title	Die Wahverwandtschaften
Language	German
Publisher	J. G. Cottaische Buchhandlung, Berlin
Publication date	1809

Elective Affinities (German: Die Wahlverwandtschaften) is the third novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, published in 1809. The title is taken from a scientific term once used to describe the tendency of chemical species to combine with certain substances or species in preference to others. The novel is based on the metaphor of human passions being governed or regulated by the laws of chemical affinity, and examines whether or not the science and laws of chemistry undermine or uphold the institution of marriage, as well as other human social relations.

Theme

The book is situated around the city of Weimar. Goethe’s main characters are Eduard and Charlotte, an aristocratic couple both in their second marriage, enjoying an idyllic but semi-dull life on the grounds of their rural estate. They invite the Captain, Eduard’s childhood friend, and Ottilie, the beautiful, orphaned, coming-of-age niece of Charlotte, to live with them. The decision to invite Ottilie and the Captain is described as an "experiment" and this is exactly what it is. The house and its surrounding gardens are described as "a chemical retort in which the human elements are brought together for the reader to observe the resulting reaction." ^{[1] [2]}

Theory

German historian Jeremy Adler, with his 1987 book Goethe’s Elective Affinity and the Chemistry of its Time, thoroughly studied Goethe’s use of chemical theory in Elective Affinities. By extending the reference of an established chemical theory to encompass social interactions, according to Adler, the novel provides the basis for a universal theory of affinity.

The term "elective affinities" is based on the older notion of chemical affinities. In the late 19th century, German sociologist Max Weber, who had read the works of Goethe at the age of 14, used Goethe's conception of human "elective affinities" to formulate a large part of sociology.^[3] In early nineteenth century chemistry, the phrase "elective affinities" or chemical affinities was used to describe compounds that only interacted with each other under select circumstances. Goethe used this as an organizing metaphor for marriage, and for the conflict between responsibility and passion.

In the book, people are described as chemical species whose amorous affairs and relationships were pre-determined via chemical affinities similar to the pairings of alchemical species. Goethe outlined the view that passion, marriage, conflict, and free-will are all subject to the laws of chemistry and in which the lives of human species are regulated no differently than the lives of chemical species.^{[4] [5] [6]} Opinions over the years have been split as to whether Goethe's theory was used in metaphor. ^{[7] [8]}

In the novella, the central chemical reaction that takes place is a double displacement reaction (double elective affinity), between a married couple Eduard and Charlotte (BA), at the end of their first year of marriage (for each their second marriage), and their two good friends the Captain and Ottilie (CD), respectively. The first marriages, for both Eduard and Charlotte, are described as having been marriages of financial convenience, essentially arranged marriages. Specifically, when they were younger, Eduard was married off to a rich older woman through the workings and insatiable greed of his father; Charlotte, likewise, when her prospects were none the best, was compelled or obliged to marry a wealthy man, whom she did not love.

In the fourth chapter, the characters detail the world’s first ever verbally-depicted human double displacement chemical reaction. The chapter begins with description of the affinity map (reaction map) or ‘topographical chart’ as Goethe calls it. On this reaction map, we are told that on it ‘the features of the estate and its surroundings were clearly depicted, on quite a large scale, in pen and in different colors, to which the Captain had give a firm basis by taking trigonometrical measurements’.

Next, to explain the reaction, we are told:

’provided it does not seem pedantic,’ the Captain said, ‘I think I can briefly sum up in the language of signs. Imagine an A intimately united with a B, so that no force is able to sunder them; imagine a C likewise related to a D; now bring the two couples into contact: A will throw itself at D, C at B, without our being able to say which first deserted its partner, which first embraced the other’s partner.’ This is shown below:

AB + CD → BD + AC

‘Now then!’ Eduard interposed: ‘until we see all this with our own eyes, let us look on this formula as a metaphor from which we may extract a lesson we can apply immediately to ourselves. You, Charlotte, represent the A, and I represent your B; for in fact I do depend altogether on you and follow you as A follows B. The C is quite obviously the Captain, who for the moment is to some extent drawing me away from you. Now it is only fair that, if you are not to vanish into the limitless air, you must be provided with a D, and this D is unquestionably the charming little lady Ottilie, whose approaching presence you may no longer resist.’

Critical reactions

Astrida Tantillo's 2001 book Goethe's Elective Affinities and the Critics^[9] notes that:

References in culture

• Walter Benjamin wrote an essay entitled "Goethe's Elective Affinities". Published in Neue Deutsche Beiträge in 1924. It is one of his important early essays on German Romanticism.
• In 1933, René Magritte executed a painting entitled "Elective Affinities".
• In French New Wave director François Truffaut's 1962 movie Jules et Jim, one of the two male characters, Jim, who is visiting his friend Jules, is lent the book, but Jules' wife, Catherine, suddenly asks him to return it. She then becomes Jim's lover.
• It was filmed in 1996 by director Paolo Taviani.

References

1. ^ Oxford University Press. (2006). Book Review of Goethe’s Elective Affinities.
2. ^ Smith, Peter, D. (2001). Elective Affinities. Abstract from the article that appears in Prometheus 04.
3. ^ Herbert, Richard, H. (1978). 'Max Weber's Elective Affinities: Sociology within the Bounds of Pure Reason', American Journal of Sociology, 84, 366-85.
4. ^ Constantine, David. (1994). Translation, Introduction, and Notes to Oxford World Classics’ translation of Goethe’s Elective Affinities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283776-1
5. ^ Prigogine, Ilya; Stengers, Isabelle (1984). Order Out of Chaos – Man’s New Dialogue with Nature. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-34082-4. 
6. ^ According to Belgian chemical engineer Ilya Prigogine (pg. 319): “B.J. Dobbs, The Foundation of Newton's Alchemy (1975), also examined the role of the "mediator" by which two substances are made "sociable"; we may recall here the importance of the mediator in Goethe's Elective Affinities (Engl. trans. Greenwood, 1976). For what concerns chemistry, Goethe was not far from Newton.”
7. ^ Adler, Jeremy. (1987). “Eine fast magische Anziehungskraft”. Goethe’s “Wahlverwandtschafte” und die Chemie seiner Zeit (“An almost Magical Attraction”). Goethe’s Elective Affinity and the Chemistry of its Time), Munich.
8. ^ On possible issues associated with the chemical analogy, see: (a) Robert T. Clark Jr, (1954). ‘The Metamorphosis of Character in Die Wahlverwandtschaften’, The Germanic review, 29, 243-53.
   (b) John Milfull, (1972). ‘The “Idea” of Goethe’s Die Wahlverwandtschaften’, The Germanic Review, 47, 83-94;
   (c) H. B. Nisbet, (1969). ‘Die Wahlverwandtschaften: Explanation and its Limits’, Deutsche Viertejahrsschrift fur Literaturwissenschaft and Geistesgeschichte, 43, 458-86;
   (d) E. L Stahl, (1945). ‘Die Wahlverwandtschaften’, Publications of the English Goethe Society, new series, 15, 71-95;
   (e) F. J. Stopp, (1959-60). ‘Einwahrer narziss: Reflections on the Eduard-Ottilie Relations in Goethe’s Wahlverwandtschaften’, Publications of the English Goethe Society, new series, 52-85;
   (f) Waltraud Wietholter, (1973). ‘Legenden. Zur Mythologie von Goethe’s Wahlverwandtschaften’, Deutsche Viedrteljahrsschrift fur Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 56, 1-64.
   
9. ^ Tantillo, Astrida, O. (2001). Goethe's Elective Affinities and the Critics. Camden House.

External links

• Elective Affinities - Peter D. Smith
• Elective Affinities – The Literary Encyclopedia
• Die Wahlverwandtschaften (German)
• Elective affinities Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. {Reprinted by} Cornell University Library Digital Collections