An energy crop is a plant grown as a low cost and low maintenance harvest used to make biofuels, or directly exploited for its energy content.
Commercial energy crops are typically densely planted, high yielding crop species where the energy crops will be burnt to generate power. Woody crops such as Willow [1] or Poplar are widely utilised,as well as tropical grasses such as Miscanthus and Pennisetum purpureum (both known as elephant grass).[2] If carbohydrate content is desired for the production of biogas, whole-crops such as maize, Sudan grass, millet, white sweet clover and many others, can be made into silage and then converted into biogas.
Through genetic modification and application of biotechnology plants can be manipulated to create greater yields, reduce associated costs and require less water. However, high energy yield can be realized with existing crops, especially maize.
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Types of energy crops
By destination
Solid Biomass
Note: The terms biofuel, biomass, and so on, are often used interchangeably.
Energy generated by burning plants grown for the purpose, often after the dry matter is pelletized. Energy crops are used for firing power plants, either alone or co-fired with other fuels. Alternatively they may be used for heat or combined heat and power (CHP) production.
Gas biomass (Methane)
Anaerobic digesters or biogas plants can be directly supplemented with energy crops once they have been ensiled into silage. The fastest growing sector of German biofarming has been in the area of "Renewable Energy Crops" on nearly 500,000 ha land (2006). Energy crops can also be grown to boost gas yields where feedstocks have a low energy content, such as manures and spoiled grain. It is estimated that the energy yield presently of bioenergy crops converted via silage to methane is about 2 GWh/km². Small mixed cropping enterprises with animals can use a portion of their acreage to grow and convert energy crops and sustain the entire farms energy requirements with about 1/5 the acreage. In Europe and especially Germany, however, this rapid growth has occurred only with substantial government support, as in the German bonus system for renewable energy.Similar developments of integrating crop farming and bioenergy production via silage-methane have been almost entirely overlooked in N. America, where political and structural issues and a huge continued push to centralize energy production has overshadowed positive developments.
Liquid biomass
Biodiesel
European production of biodiesel from energy crops has grown steadily in the last decade, principally focused on rapeseed used for oil and energy. In North America rapeseed was renamed "Canada Oil = Canola". Production of oil/biodiesel from rape covers more than 12,000 km² in Germany alone, and has doubled in the past 15 years. Typical yield of oil as pure biodiesel may be is 100,000 L/km² or more, making biodiesel crops economically attractive, provided sustainable crop rotations exist that are nutrient-balanced and preventative of the spread of disease such as clubroot. Biodiesel yield of soybeans is significantly lower than that of rape.
Typical oil extractable by weight
| Crop | Oil % |
|---|---|
| copra | 62 |
| castor seed | 50 |
| sesame | 50 |
| groundnut kernel | 42 |
| jatropha | 40 |
| rapeseed | 37 |
| palm kernel | 36 |
| mustard seed | 35 |
| sunflower | 32 |
| palm fruit | 20 |
| soybean | 14 |
| cotton seed | 13 |
Bioethanol
Energy crops for biobutanol are grasses. Two leading non-food crops for the production of cellulosic bioethanol are switchgrass and giant miscanthus. There has been a preoccupation with cellulosic bioethanol in America as the agricultural structure supporting biomethane is absent in many regions, with no credits or bonus system in place.[citation needed] Consequently a lot of private money and investor hopes are being pinned on marketable and patentable innovations in enzyme hydrolysis and the like and therefore America is viewed by some[weasel words] technology planners as falling further behind Europe in real bioenenergy gains.[citation needed]
Bioethanol also refers to the technology of using animal and human grains, principally corn (maize seed) to make ethanol directly through fermentation, a process that is widely reputed to consume as much energy as it produces, therefore being non-sustainable. New developments in converting grain stillage (referred to as distillers grain stillage or DGS) into biogas energy looks promising as a means to improve the poor energy ratio of this type of bioethanol process. 2007 saw a setback in the economics of building grain refineries in the USA while the shipment of grains and ethanol by rail car has prompted the train industries largest growth phase since 50 years.
By dedication
Dedicated energy crops are non-food energy crops as giant miscanthus, switchgrass, jatropha, fungi, and algae.
Also byproducts (green waste) of food and non-food energy crops can be used to produce biofuels.
See also
- Agricultural byproduct
- Algal fuel
- Anaerobic digestion
- Biogas
- Biotech crop
- Cellulosic ethanol
- non food crops
- Short rotation coppice
- Short rotation forestry
- Table of bofuel crop yields
- Vegoil
- Myriophyllum
References
- ^ Mola-Yudego, B; Aronsson, P. (2008). "Yield models for commercial willow biomass plantations in Sweden" (PDF). Biomass and Bioenergy 32 (9): 829-837. doi:. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V22-4S02D5N-1&_user=949127&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1102089875&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000049117&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=949127&md5=9a3b80e6d4a86a87261094ef833dee16. Retrieved 2009-11-20.
- ^ Hodsman, L., Smallwood, M., Williams, D. "The promotion of non-food crops", National Non-Food Crops Centre, 2005-11-30. Retrieved on 2009-05-11.
External links
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