Enterprise value

Enterprise value (EV), Total enterprise value (TEV), or Firm value (FV) is an economic measure reflecting the market value of the whole business. It is a sum of claims of all the security-holders: debtholders, preferred shareholders, minority shareholders, common equity holders, and others. Enterprise value is one of the fundamental metrics used in business valuation, financial modeling, accounting, portfolio analysis, etc.

EV equation

 Enterprise value = 
 common equity at equity value
 + debt at market value
 + minority interest at market value, if any
 - associate company at market value, if any 
 + preferred equity at market value
 - cash and cash-equivalents.

Comments on basic EV equation

• All the components are market, not book values, reflecting opportunistic nature of the metric.
• Cash is subtracted because when it is paid out as a dividend, it reduces the net cost to a potential purchaser. Therefore, the business was only worth the reduced amount to start with. The same effect is accomplished when the cash is used to pay down debt.
• Value of minority interest is added because it reflects the claim on assets consolidated into the firm in question.
• Value of associate companies is subtracted because it reflects the claim on assets consolidated into other firms.
• EV should also include such special components as unfunded pension liabilities, executive stock options, environmental provisions, abandonment provisions, and so on, for they also reflect claims on the company's assets.
• EV can be negative in certain cases—for example, when there is more cash in the company than the value of the other components of EV.
• EV=NPV of the company.

Intuitive Understanding of Enterprise Value

• A simplified way to understand the EV concept is to envision purchasing an entire business. If you settle with all the security holders, you buy EV.

Metrics using EV

• EV/EBITDA is the metric most used to measure how many years it would take to pay back the investment. This metric is equivalent to the payback period used by debtholders (Debt/EBITDA). EV/EBITDA is, together with EV/ EBIT, one of the most commonly used metric among private equity professionals, and the only multiple on which an index exists for the Eurozone (Argos Soditic index). The P/E metric used by shareholders is similar except it measures earnings, not cash flow, and does not take into consideration the capital structure and level of indebtedness of the company.

• EBITDA/EV is the metric most used to measure the cash rate of return on the investment.

• EV/Sales an alternative to price/sales ratio

Usage

• Because EV is a capital structure-neutral metric, it is useful when comparing companies with diverse capital structures.

• Stock market investors use EV/EBITDA to compare returns between equivalent companies on a risk adjusted basis. They can then superimpose their own choice of debt levels. In practice, equity investors may have difficulty accurately assessing EV if they do not have access to the market quotations of the company debt. It is not sufficient to substitute the book value of the debt because a) the market interest rates may have changed, and b) the market's perception of the risk of the loan may have changed since the debt was issued. Remember, the point of EV is to neutralize the different risks, and costs of different capital structures.

• Buyers of controlling interests in a business use EV to compare returns between businesses, as above. They also use the EV valuation (or a debt free cash free valuation) to determine how much to pay for the whole entity (not just the equity). They may want to change the capital structure once in control.

See also

• DCF, discounted cash flow method of valuation
• Capital structure
• WACC, weighted average cost of capital

External links

• Investopedia: Enterprise Value
• Think Finance — Enterprise Value, how much is a business worth
• Wikianswers: debt free cash free
• Enterprise Value Calculator

v • d • e Corporate finance and investment banking Capital structure Senior secured debt · Senior debt · Second lien debt · Subordinated debt · Mezzanine debt · Convertible debt · Exchangeable debt · Preferred equity · Shareholder loan · Common equity · Pari passu Transactions (terms / conditions) Equity offerings Initial public offering (IPO) · Secondary Market Offering (SEO) · Follow-on offering · Greenshoe (Reverse) · Book building Mergers and acquisitions Takeover · Reverse takeover · Tender offer · Poison pill · Freeze-out merger · Tag-along right · Drag-along right · Control premium · Divestment · Demerger Leverage Leveraged buyout · Leveraged recap · Financial sponsor · Private equity · Bond offering · High-yield debt · DIP financing Valuation Financial modeling · Business valuation · stock valuation · APV · DCF · Net present value (NPV) · Cost of capital (Weighted average) · Comparable company analysis · Enterprise value · Tax shield · Minority interest · EVA · MVA · Terminal value · Real options analysis List of investment banks · List of finance topics