European exploration and settlement of Oceania began in the 16th century, starting with Spanish landings and shipwrecks in the Marianas Islands, east of the Philippines. Subsequent rivalry between European colonial powers, trade opportunities and Christian missions drove further European exploration and eventual settlement. The British became the dominant European colonial power in the region, establishing settler colonies in what would become Australia and New Zealand, both of which now have majority European-descended populations. New Caledonia (Caldoche),[1] Hawaii,[2] French Polynesia,[3] Norfolk Island, Easter Island and Guam[4] also have significant European populations. Overall, Europeans in various forms have become the primary ethnic group in Oceania, both numerically but more importantly culturally.
European settlement of Australia and New Zealand
European settlement in Australia began in 1788 when the British established the Crown Colony of New South Wales with the first settlement at Port Jackson. New Zealand was part of New South Wales until 1840 when it became a separate colony and experienced a marked increase in European settlement.
While the largest European ethnic group to originally settle in both Australia and New Zealand were the English, the settler population in Australia from early times contained a large Irish Catholic component, in contrast to New Zealand which was more Scottish in composition.
For generations, the vast majority of both colonial-era settlers and post-independence immigrants to Australia and New Zealand came almost exclusively from the British Isles. However, waves of European immigrants were later drawn from a broader range of countries. Australia, in particular, received large numbers of European immigrants from countries such as Italy, Greece, Germany, the Netherlands, and Yugoslavia following the Second World War.
The dominant European group of Australia are referred to as Anglo-Celtic Australians (although this does not include non-British Europeans), or, more controversially, as Aussies, the proper term for Australians of European Decent is European Australian. In New Zealand, the census describes the majority "White" population of New Zealand as New Zealand European, while the most common slang terms are Kiwi (People) and Pakeha.
See also
- Greater Europe
- History of Australia
- History of New Zealand
- History of the Pacific Islands
- Settler colonialism
- European Australian
References
- ^ New Caledonia: People: Ethnic Groups., World Factbook of CIA
- ^ Census shows Hawaii is becoming whiter, starbulletin.com
- ^ French Polynesia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- ^ Guam: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
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