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| Philosophy Dictionary: Fakhr Al-Din al-Razi |
Al-Razi, Fakhr Al-Din (1149-1209) Celebrated Islamic theologian, controversialist, and polymath.
| Wikipedia: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi |
| Muslim scholar |
|
|---|---|
| Name: | Fakhr al-Din al-Razi |
| Title: | Imam al-Mushakkakin |
| Birth: | 1149-1150 CE |
| Death: | 1209-1210 CE |
| Main interests: | Islamic Philosophy, Kalam, Logic and Tafsir |
| Works: | Tafsir al-Kabir (al-Razi), The Major Book on Logic, Sharh Nisf al-Wajiz lil Ghazzali, Sharh al-Isharat li Ibn Sina, etc. |
| Influences: | Imam Shafi'i, Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, Ibn Sina, Ghazali |
Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Taymi al-Bakri al-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din al-Razi[1] (Arabic/Persian: أبو عبدالله محمد بن عمر بن الحسین فخرالدین الرازي) or Fakhruddin Razi was a well-known Persian[2][3] Sunni Muslim theologian and philosopher. He was born in 1149 (543 AH) in Ray of Persia (today located in Iran) and died in 1209 (606AH) in Herat (today located in Afghanistan). He also wrote on medicine, physics, astrology, literature, history and law.
He should not to be confused with Rhazes, also known as al-Razi.
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Razi was born in Ray now a district of modern Tehran. He studied Kalam, Fiqh and other Islamic sciences from his father, Diya'uddin known as Khatib al-Rayy. He then studied from Majduddin al-Jili and Kamal Samnani. He was from the Shafi`i school of Islamic law and Asharite school of theology. He was also known as Ibn al-Khatib and Khatib al-Rayy. According to some sources his family traced its lineage to the first Muslim Caliph, Abu Bakr. He is mostly called as Imam Razi in Iran and Afghanistan.
According to William M. Slane, "the relative adjectives al-Taymi al-Bakri indicate here that Fakhr al-Din al-Razi was a descendent of the Khalif abu Bakr, one of whose ancestors was Taym the son of murrah the son of Ka'b..."[4]
Razi traveled to Khwarazm, Khorasan and Transoxiana. He attracted a large number of students in each city that he went. He recorded the account of the places he visited, the scholars he met, and summaries of their discussions in his book Munazarat Fakhr al-Din al Razi fi Bilad Ma Wara' al-Nahr. As a result of his discussions in various cities, he found many opponents such as the Mutazilites, Hanbalites (who opposed philosophy and Kalam), Batinites and Qarmatians of whose teachings Razi criticized. He settled in his late years of life in Herat, where a mosque was built for him, and died in 1209.
A well-known anecdote is told of his rhetorical prowess: Razi was training his students sitting in front of a pond filled with water. Razi, via arguments and philosophical reasoning, proved to his students that the pond was empty. His students then threw him in the pond, and asked him if the pond was empty, why was he drowning in it?
Razi's major work was Tafsir-e Kabir (The Great Commentary) (his Exegesis (Tafsir) on the Quran), also named as Mafatih al-ghayb (The Keys to the Unknown). However, his most important philosophical works were Sharh al-Isharat (a commentary on Ibn Sina's Kitab al-isharat wa-'l-tanbihat), "al-Mahsul" in usul-al-fiqh and Mabahith al-mashriqya (Eastern Discussions).
The person who did the most to defend Ibn Sina's philosophy against the criticisms of Razi was Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, whose commentary on the Kitab al-isharat was in large measure a refutation of Razi's opinions.
In his "Wasaya" (Testament), which he wrote before his death, he writes:
| “ | I have explored the ways of kalam and the methods of philosophy, and I did not see in them a benefit that compares with the benefit I found in the Qur'an. For the latter hurries us to acknowledge that greatness and majesty belong only to Allah, precluding us from involvement into the explication of objections and contentions. This is for no other reason than because human minds find themselves deadened in those deep, vexing exercises and obscure ways of Kalam and Philosophy. | ” |
Jami' al-'ulum
Ibn al-Subki quotes the following lines :
His major works are:
For his life and writings, see:
For his astrological-magical writings, see:
For his treatise on physiognomy, see:
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