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The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), more commonly known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic (to distinguish it form the present-day Republic of the Philippines) was a short-lived government in the Philippines. It was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899 in Malolos[1], Bulacan until the capture and surrender of Emilio Aguinaldo to the American forces on March 23, 1901 in Palanan, Isabela, which effectively dissolved the First Republic.
The establishment of the Philippine Republic was the culmination of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. Independence was declared on June 12, 1898 and the dictatorial government then in place was replaced by a revolutionary government headed by Emilio Aguinaldo as president on June 23, 1898. The U.S. abolished the Philippine Republic in 1899 and continued its annexation of the islands pursuant to the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-American War.[2][3] The Philippines was under US sovereignty until 1946, when formal independence was granted by the Treaty of Manila.[4]
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History
The First Philippine Republic was formed after the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the events of the collapse of the Spanish rule over the Philippines. It adopted the Constitución Política de la República Filipina, drawn up by the Philippine Constitutional Convention in the Barasoain Church in Malolos in 1899 to replace the dictatorial government set up by the Pact of Biak-na-Bato in July 7, 1897. It was approved by Aguinaldo and ten delegates to the Assembly of Representatives on January 21, 1899. The convention earlier elected Aguinaldo president on January 1, 1899, leading to his inauguration on January 23 on the same year.
In 1899, after the Malolos Constitution was ratified, the Universidad Literia de Filipinas was established in Malolos, Bulacan. It offered Law as well as Medicine, Surgery and Notary Public; Academia Militar which was established on October 25, 1898; and The Burgos Institute, an exclusive school for boys.
Philippine-American War
Tensions remained during the Philippine-American War. Aguinaldo and his men fled to Northern Luzón, trying to resist the American forces. On April 1, 1901, Aguinaldo announced allegiance to the United States, formally ending the First Republic and recognizing the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines.
Cabinet
| OFFICE | NAME | |
| President | Emilio Aguinaldo | |
| Prime Minister | Apolinario Mabini | |
| Pedro Paterno | ||
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Apolinario Mabini | |
| Felipe Buencamino | ||
| Minister of Finance and War | Gen. Mariano Trías | |
| Minister of Interior | Teodoro Sandico | |
| Severino de las Alas | ||
| Minister of War | Baldomero Aguinaldo | |
| Minister of Welfare | Gracio Gonzaga | |
| Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce | León María Guerrero | |
| Minister of Finance | Hugo Ilagan | |
| Minister of Public Instruction | Águedo Velarde | |
| Minister of Public Works and Communications | Máximo Paterno | |
References
- ^ a b c The Malolos Constitution is dated January 20, 1899 (see items 27 and 27a in Guevara 1972). The republic was proclaimed on 23 January (see items 28, 28a and 28b in Guevara 1972).
- ^ Carman Fitz Randolph (2009), "Chapter I, The Annexation of the Philippines", The Law and Policy of Annexation, BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 9781103324811, http://books.google.com/books?id=g07Vz_oKDMcC&pg=PA1
- ^ Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898, Yale, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp
- ^ (pdf) TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946, United Nations, http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf, retrieved 2007-12-10
- Guevara, Sulpico ed. 1972. The Laws of the First Philippine Republic (The Laws of Malalos). National Historical Institute, Manila. , (published online 2005, University of Michigan Library)
- The Malolos Republic
- The First Philippine Republic at Malolos
- The 1899 Malolos Constitution
- The 1899 Malolos Constitution Spanish version
- Project Gutenberg - Panukala sa Pagkakana nang Repúblika nang Pilipinas by Apolinario Mabini
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