During the Spring and Autumn Period there were several states which rose to hegemony over other states; the term Five Hegemons (Chinese: 五霸) refers to any of several lists of these hegemons.
In ancient Chinese, “霸” (Classical Chinese: phrāk[1]; Standard Mandarin Pinyin: bà) "hegemon" has similar meaning and pronunciation as “伯” (Classical Chinese: prāk[2]; Pinyin: bó), which means "the eldest son in a family", or "senator". Both "五霸" and "五伯" can be translated into "Five Hegemons".
Interestingly, while hegemony is often associated with states, during this period it was instead associated with individual rulers, namely the ones who have brought their respective states to a dominant position. In this sense the reigns of each hegemon tends to correspond with the zenith of their state's power.
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The Hegemon System
The concept of hegemony arose out of the weakness of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty; while its predecessor, the Western Zhou Dynasty, was also feudal in nature, the centre was strong enough to command the obedience of most of its vassals, as well as upkeep a central army. The death of King You of Zhou and the sack of the Zhou capital in 771 BC rendered the position of the central court untenable and eventually dependent on the protection of neighbouring states.
The Five Hegemons
These are the two most commonly-used lists of hegemons.
- Duke Huan of Qi (齐桓公)
- Duke Wen of Jin (晋文公)
- King Zhuang of Chu (楚莊王)
- Duke Mu of Qin (秦穆公)
- Duke Xiang of Song (宋襄公)
Alternatively:
- Duke Huan of Qi (齐桓公)
- Duke Wen of Jin (晋文公)
- King Zhuang of Chu (楚庄王)
- King Helu of Wu (吴王闔閭)
- King Goujian of Yue (越王勾踐)
The first three hegemons are highly renowned, and therefore rarely disputed.
Notes
See also
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