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Foreign relations of Armenia

 
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Armenia

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Armenia maintains good relations with almost every country in the world, the major exceptions being two of its immediate neighbors, Azerbaijan and Turkey. Armenia is a member of more than 40 different international organizations including the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, NATO's Partnership for Peace, the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Trade Organization and La Francophonie. It is also an observer member of the Eurasian Economic Community and the Non-Aligned Movement. Eduard Nalbandyan currently serves as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Contents

International organization participation

ACCT (observer), ADB, BSEC, CE, CIS, Council of Europe, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, La Francophonie, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WNA, WToO, WTO.

Armenian Genocide recognition

Main article: Recognition of the Armenian Genocide
Political map showing states which have officially recognized the Armenian Genocide.

Armenia has been joined by many nations, in demanding recognition of the Armenian Genocide. Countries that officially recognize the Armenian genocide include Argentina, Armenia, Australia State of N.S.W, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lebanon, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Uruguay, Vatican City and Venezuela. Although part of the United Kingdom, Wales also officially recognizes the Armenian Genocide. US House Resolution 106 was introduced on January 30, 2007 later referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. The bill currently has 225 co-sponsors[1]. The bill called for former President George W. Bush to recognize and use the word genocide in his annual April 24 speech which he never used. His successor President Barack Obama has expressed his desire to recognize the Armenian Genocide during the electoral campaigns, but after being elected, has not used the word genocide in his first annual April 24 speech in 2009.

Countries with diplomatic relations

Armenia currently has diplomatic relations with 153 countries.[2] These include: Albania, Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chad, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Libya, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Netherlands, Nigeria, Order of Malta, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Uruguay, Vatican City (see Holy See) and Vietnam.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

Notes on some of these relations follow:

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Azerbaijan 1918 See Armenia–Azerbaijan relations, Khachkar destruction in Nakhchivan, Khojaly Massacre

Although the two nations have fought two wars in 1918 and in 1988, in the past century, their relations have evolved in the context of the conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. In 2008, Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev declared that “Nagorno Karabakh will never be independent; the position is backed by international mediators as well; Armenia has to accept the reality” and that “in 1918, Yerevan was granted to the Armenians. It was a great mistake. The khanate of Iravan was the Azeri territory, the Armenians were guests here”.[16]

During the Soviet period, many Armenians and Azeris lived together peacefully. However, when Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the policies of Glasnost and Perestroika, the majority Armenians from the autonomous area of Nagorno-Karabakh in the Azerbaijan SSR began a movement to unify with the Armenian SSR. In 1988, the Armenians of Karabakh voted to secede and join Armenia. This, along with Armenian massacres and pogroms in Azerbaijan resulted in the conflict that became known as the Nagorno-Karabakh War. The violence resulted in de facto Armenian control of Nagorno-Karabakh and some surrounding areas which was effectively halted when both sides agrees to observe a cease-fire which has been in effect since May 1994, and in late 1995 both also agreed to OSCE field gis of the Minsk Group of the OSCE. The Minsk Group is currently co-chaired by the U.S., France, and Russia and comprises Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and several Western European nations. Despite this cease fire, upwards of 40 clashes are reported along the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict lines of control each year.

The two countries are still technically at war. Citizens of the Republic of Armenia as well as citizens of any other country, who has Armenian background or an Armenian decent, are forbidden entry to the Republic of Azerbaijan. If a person's passport shows any evidence of travel to Nagorno-Karabakh, barring a diplomatic passport, they are forbidden entry to the Republic of Azerbaijan. In 2008, in what became known as the 2008 Mardakert Skirmishes, Armenia and Azerbaijan clashed over Nagornno-Karabakh. The fighting between the two sides was brief, with few casualties on either side.
 Bulgaria 1992
 Cyprus 1991
 Czech Republic 1992
  • Armenia is represented in Czech Republic through its embassy in Vienna (Austria).
  • The Czech Republic is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Tbilissi (Georgia).[19]
  • There are around 12,000 people of Armenian descent living in the Czech Republic.
 Denmark 1992
 Estonia 1992-08-23
 Finland 1992-03-25

Before 1918, both countries were part of the Russian Empire. Finland recognised Armenia on December 30, 1991. Armenia is represented in Finland by a non-resident ambassador (based in Yerevan at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Finland is represented in Armenia by a non resident ambassador (based in Helsinki at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan. Around 1,000 people of Armenian descent live in Finland.
 France See Armenia–France relations

Franco-Armenian relations have existed since the French and the Armenians established contact in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and are close to this day. 2006 was proclaimed the Year of Armenia in France.
 Georgia See Armenia–Georgia relations

Armenians and Georgians have a lot in common. Both are ancient Christian civilizations with their own distinct alphabets. Both use the terms "Apostolic" and "Orthodox" in the full titles of their respective churches. They also use the term "Catholicos" to refer to their church patriarchs. Despite all this, however, Armenians and Georgians have tended to have a tenuous relationship (at times, sharing close bonds while at other times regarding each other as rivals).

Today, relations with Georgia are of particular importance for Armenia because, under the economic blockade imposed by Turkey and Azerbaijan due to the ongoing Karabakh conflict, Georgia offers Armenia its only land connection with Europe and access to its Black Sea ports. However, because of Armenia's reliance on Russia from whose grip Georgia is attempting to free itself, relations have been especially tentative lately. The development of close relations between Turkey and Georgia (such as the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and South Caucasus natural gas pipeline) have also weighed on the mutual relations and lead to the prevention of the country recognizing the Armenian Genocide. On occasion, however, Georgian politicians have sympathized with the Armenian cause. For example, on March 20, 2006, Georgian Ambassador to Armenia Revaz Gachechiladze stated, "We sympathize with the sister nation but taking decisions of the kind we should take into account the international situation. When the time comes Georgia will do everything within the limits of the possible for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide by the international community including Georgia." [21] However, Armenian-Georgian relations have begun to improve. On May 10, 2006, Armenia and Georgia agreed on the greater part of the lines of the state border between the two countries.[22]. The Javakheti region in southern Georgia contains a large Armenian population and although there have been local civic organizations (such as United Javakhk) pushing for autonomy, there has been no violence between Armenians and Georgians in the area.
 Greece See Armenia–Greece relations

Armenia and Greece share a strong historical and cultural bond. Both peoples fell under Ottoman rule for long years. Furthermore, the ancient Kingdom of Armenia exemplied the ideal Hellenistic civilization during its existence. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War, Greece did not aid Armenia militarily but supplied them with economic resources that would prove to be vital to the war effort.
 Hungary
  • Armenia is represented in Hungary through its embassy in Vienna (Austria) and an honorary consulate in Budapest.
  • Hungary is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow (Russia) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.[23]
  • There are around 15,000 people of Armenia descent living in Hungary.
 Ireland 1996
 Italy 1993-05-12
 Latvia 1992-08-22
 Lithuania
 Moldova
 Netherlands 1992-01-30
 Poland
 Portugal See Armenia–Portugal relations

Armenia has represented in Portugal through its embassy in Rome (Italy). Portugal is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).[31]

One of the most notable Armenians who resided in Portugal was Calouste Gulbenkian. He was a wealthy Armenian businessman and philantropist, who made Lisbon the headquarters for his businesses. He established the international charity, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon. He also founded the Museu Calouste Gulbenkian in Lisbon.[32][33]
 Romania 1992 See Armenia–Romania relations
 Russia See Armenia–Russia relations

Armenia's most notable recent foreign policy success came with the August 29 treaty with Russia on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance, in which Moscow committed itself to the defense of Armenia should it be attacked by a third party. Russia is the key regional security player, and has proved a valuable historical ally for Armenia. Although it appeared as a response to Aliyev's US trip, the treaty had probably long been under development. However, it is clear from the wider context of Armenian foreign policy that—while Yerevan welcomes the Russian security guarantee—the country does not want to rely exclusively on Moscow, nor to become part of a confrontation between Russian and US-led alliances in the Transcaucasus.
 Serbia 1992
 Slovakia 1994
 Spain 1992-01-27
 Sweden
 Switzerland 1991-12-23
 Turkey See Armenia–Turkey relations

Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations between the two countries remain tense for numerous reasons. Some bones of contention include the unresolved Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan (which has resulted in Turkey imposing a blockade on Armenia that is still in effect today), the treatment of Armenians in Turkey, the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, and the Armenian claim of Turkey's holding of historic Armenian lands (ceded to them in the Treaty of Kars, a treaty which Armenia refuses to recognize to this day since it was signed between the Soviet Union and Turkey, and not between Armenia and Turkey proper). At the forefront of all disputes, however, is the issue surrounding the Armenian Genocide. The killing and deportation of between one and one-and-a-half million Armenians from eastern Anatolian lands of the Ottoman Empire orchestrated by the Young Turks is a taboo subject in Turkey itself as the Turkish government refuses to acknowledge that a genocide ever happened. However, since Turkey has become a candidate to join the European Union, limited discussion of the event is now taking place in Turkey. Some in the European Parliament have even suggested that one of the provisions for Turkey to join the E.U. should be the full recognition of the event as genocide.

On June 5, 2005, Armenian President Robert Kocharian announced that he was ready to "continue dialogue with Azerbaijan for the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and with Turkey on establishing relations without any preconditions." [38] Armenia has also stated that as a legal successor to the Armenian SSR, it is loyal to the Treaty of Kars and all agreements inherited by the former Soviet Armenian government.[39] Yet Turkey continues to lay preconditions on relations, insisting that Armenia abandon its efforts to have the Genocide recognized, which official Yerevan is not willing to do.

In the wake of the 2008 South Ossetia war between Russia and Georgia, Armenia and Turkey have shown signs of an inclination to reconsider their relationship. According to The Economist magazine, 70% of Armenia's imports enter via Georgia. Because of the apparently belligerent posture of the Russian state, economic ties with Turkey appear especially attractive.[40]
 Ukraine See Armenia–Ukraine relations

Armenian-Ukrainian relations have lasted for centuries and today are cordial.
 United Kingdom
  • The United Kingdom recognised Armenia on 31 December 1991.
  • The first Embassy of the Republic of Armenia in Europe was established in London in October 1992.[41]
  • Since 1995, the United Kingdom has an embassy in Yerevan.[42]
  • The two countries maintain collaborative and friendly relations, however the United Kingdom does not recognize the Armenian Genocide, as it considers that the evidence is not clear enough to respectively consider "the terrible events that afflicted the Ottoman Armenian population at the beginning of the last century" genocide under the 1948 UN convention. The British government states the "massacres were an appalling tragedy" and states that this was the view of the government during that period.[43]
  • British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Armenia

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 India 1992-08-31

The first contacts between both civilizations date back from 2,500 years ago, during the 5th century BC. In modern times, India recognized Armenia on December 26, 1991.
 Iran See Iran–Armenia relations

Despite religious and ideological differences, relations between Armenia and the Islamic Republic of Iran remain cordial and both Armenia and Iran are strategic partners in the region. Armenia and Iran enjoy cultural and historical ties that go back thousands of years. There are no border disputes between the two countries and the Christian Armenian minority in Iran enjoys official recognition. Of special importance is the cooperation in the field of energy security which lowers Armenia's dependence on Russia and can in the future also supply Iranian gas to Europe through Georgia and the Black Sea.
 Israel See Armenia–Israel relations

Since independence, Armenia has received support from Israel and today remains one of its major trade partners. While both countries have diplomatic relations, neither maintains an embassy in the other country. Instead, Ehude Moshe Eytam, the Israeli ambassador to Armenia is based in Tbilisi, Georgia, and visits Yerevan twice a month. Israel has recognized 10 Armenians as Righteous Among the Nations for risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust, but does not recognize the Armenian Genocide, partly because of its relations with Turkey, which is one of the few countries in the Middle East that recognizes Israel and partly because of its insistence that the Holocaust was unique.[45]
 Japan 1992-09-07 See Armenia–Japan relations
 Kazakhstan 1992-08-27 See Armenia–Kazakhstan relations
 Lebanon See Armenia–Lebanon relations

Armenian-Lebanese relations are very friendly. Lebanon is host to the eighth largest Armenian population in the world and is the only member of the Arab League, much less of the Middle East and the Islamic World that recognizes the Armenian Genocide. During the 2006 Lebanon War, Armenia announced that it would send humanitarian aid to Lebanon. According to the Armenian government, an unspecified amount of medicines, tents and fire-fighting equipment was allocated to Lebanese authorities on July 27, 2006.[46][47]
 Pakistan

Armenia-Pakistan relations are extraordinarily poor owing to numerous disagreements. Pakistan does not recognise Armenia[48][49]. These issues also include Pakistan's refusal to recognize the 1915 Genocide owing to its' close historical and geopolitical bond with Turkey, Armenia's friendly relations with India and Israel, and its recognition of Kashmir belonging to India. However, relations still have yet to change owing to the current leadership of Asif Ali Zardari.
 People's Republic of China 1992-04-06
  • China recognized Armenia on December 21, 1991.
  • Armenia has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in Yerevan.[50]
  • Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, cultural exchange has been a major component of bilateral relations, as both nations recognize the importance of creating a strong foundation based upon their ancient and rich histories.[51]
 Syria
 Turkmenistan 1992
 United Arab Emirates

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 1992-01-17
 Canada See also Embassy of Armenia in Ottawa, Canadians of Armenian descent
 Chile 1992

Chile recognized the Armenian Genocide on September 14, 2007.[56][57][58]
 United States See Armenia – United States relations

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 brought an end to the Cold War and created the opportunity for bilateral relations with the New Independent States (NIS) as they began a political and economic transformation. The U.S. recognized the independence of Armenia on December 25, 1991, and opened an embassy in Yerevan in February 1992.
 Uruguay 1992

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia

The first Armenians migrated to Australia in the 1850s, during the gold rush. The majority came to Australia in the 1960s, starting with the Armenians of Egypt after Nasser came to power then, in the early 1970s, from Cyprus after the Turkish occupation of the island and from 1975 until 1992, a period of civil unrest in Lebanon. Person-to person governmental links are increasing although they are still modest. In September 2003, The Hon Mr Philip Ruddock MP visited Armenia in his former capacity as Australian Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs. In October 2005, the Armenian Foreign Minister, H.E. Mr Vardan Oskanyan, visited Australia. In November 2005, The Hon Mr Joe Hockey MP, Minister for Human Services, visited Armenia. Till today the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia refuses to recognise the mass murder of Armenians in 1915 as Genocide, although the State of N.S.W passed a law recognising this several years earlier. The Australian Government elections due to take place late 2007, have created an atmosphere in which the Opposition Labor party has declared it will push for the Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in Australian Parliament if Labor wins the Elections.

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ http://www3.capwiz.com/y/issues/bills/?billnum=H.RES.106&congress=110
  2. ^ ARMENIA PLANNING TO OPEN DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIONS IN BRAZIL, LITHUANIA, FINLAND AND JAPAN
  3. ^ [1]
  4. ^ [2]
  5. ^ [3]
  6. ^ [4]
  7. ^ [5]
  8. ^ [6]
  9. ^ [7]
  10. ^ [8]
  11. ^ [9]
  12. ^ [10]
  13. ^ [11]
  14. ^ [12]
  15. ^ [13]
  16. ^ Azerbaijani president: Armenians are guests in Yerevan, REGNUM News Agency, January 17, 2008
  17. ^ Bulgarian embassy in Yerevan
  18. ^ "Armenian Dashnak leader visits Cyprus, meets parliamentary defence commission". Yerkir. January 29, 2001. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F979EC41765682A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 2009-06-05. "Vahan Ovanesyan, member of the bureau of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation - Dashnaktsutyun [ARFD], arrived in Cyprus on 24 January to take part in celebrations of the 110th anniversary of the ARFD. He was met at Larnaca airport by representatives of the Cyprus ARFD committee and Ay Dat [Armenian Cause] committee. During the first day of the visit Vahan Ovanesyan had a meeting with the members of the ARFD Cyprus committee and looked at organizational and community matters. ..." 
  19. ^ Czech embassy in Tbilissi (also accredited to Armenia
  20. ^ Site of the Armenian community in Estonia (in Armenian, Estonian and Russian only)
  21. ^ PanARMENIAN.Net - "When Time Comes Georgia Will Do Its Best for Armenian Genocide Recognition" - 20 March 2006
  22. ^ Armenia, Georgia Agree On Greater Part of Border Lines
  23. ^ Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Hungarian honorary consulate in Yerevan
  24. ^ Armenian embassy in London (also accredited to Ireland)
  25. ^ Irish embassy in Sofia (also accredited to Armenia)
  26. ^ Armenian embassy in Rome
  27. ^ Italian embassy in Yerevan
  28. ^ Armenian embassy in Brussels (also accredited to the Netherlands): about bilateral relations
  29. ^ Harper affirms Canadian position on Armenian Genocide
  30. ^ Polish embassy in Yerevan (in Armenian and Polish only)
  31. ^ "Armenians embassies around the world". Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/ministry/embassiesList.html. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  32. ^ "Calouste Gulbenkian Dies at 86. One of the Richest Men in the World. Oil Financier, Art Collector Lived in Obscurity, Drove in Rented Automobile.". New York Times. July 21, 1955. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60610FD3B5E107B93C3AB178CD85F418585F9. Retrieved 2009-05-07. 
  33. ^ "Solid Gold Scrooge". Time magazine. July 23, 1958. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810402,00.html. Retrieved 2009-05-07. 
  34. ^ Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Armenian embassy in Bucharest
  35. ^ Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Romania embassy in Yerevan
  36. ^ Slovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs about Ján Kubiš’s visit to Armenia
  37. ^ Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: directions of the Swedish honorary consulate in Yerevan
  38. ^ Yerevan Ready to Continue Dialogue with Baku for Karabakh Settlement
  39. ^ "In Vartan Oskanian's Words, Turkey Casts Doubt On The Treaty Of Kars With Its Actions". All Armenian Mass Media Association. 2006-12-13. http://www.mediaforum.am/armtoday.php?year=2006&month=12&day=13&LangID=1. Retrieved 2006-12-13. 
  40. ^ Turkey and Armenia; Friends and Neighbors, rising hopes of better relations between two historic enemies, The Economist, September 27, 2008, p. 67
  41. ^ Armenian embassy in London
  42. ^ British embassy in Yerevan
  43. ^ "armeniangenocide - epetition response armeniangenocide - epetition response". number10.gov.uk. 6 December 2007. http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page13999 armeniangenocide - epetition response. Retrieved 2009-11-08. 
  44. ^ Indian embassy in Yerevan
  45. ^ Advocates on Behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States, and Eurasia: Armenia and Jews
  46. ^ Armenia To Provide Relief To Lebanon, Armenialiberty.org
  47. ^ Armenia Sent Humanitarian Assistance To Lebanon, PanArmenian.Net
  48. ^ Pakistan Worldview - Report 21 - Visit to Azerbaijan Senate of Pakistan - Senate foreign relations committee, 2008
  49. ^ Nilufer Bakhtiyar: "For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognize Armenia as a country" 13 September 2006 [14:03] - Today.Az
  50. ^ Chinese embassy in Yerevan (in Chinese and Russian only)
  51. ^ Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Armenia
  52. ^ Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Armenian embassy in Damascus
  53. ^ Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Armenian embassy in Abu Dhabi
  54. ^ ArmenianDiaspora website
  55. ^ Armenian embassy in Ottawa
  56. ^ "El Consejo Nacional Armenio del Uruguay fue recibido en la Embajada de Chile". International Armenian Network. 2007-05-21. http://www.ian.cc/notas/noticias_ian.php?id=1003. . Fuente Diario Armenia
  57. ^ Sassounian, Harut (June 16th, 2007). "Chile Proves Genocide Recognition is Based on Truth, Not Lobbying". 73. Armenian Weekly. http://www.hairenik.com/armenianweekly/col06160701p.htm. 
  58. ^ Chilean Senate: recognition of the Armenian Genocide (in Spanish only)
  59. ^ Uruguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations: directions of the representation of Armenia in Uruguay
  60. ^ Uruguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations: directions of the representation of Uruguay in Armenia

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