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It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Foreign policy of Japan. (Discuss) |
Since the surrender after World War II and the return to the international community by the Treaty of San Francisco, Japanese diplomatic policy has been based on close partnership with the United States and the emphasis on the international cooperation such as the United Nations. In the Cold War, Japan took a part in the Western world's confrontation of the Soviet Union in East Asia. In the rapid economic developments in the 1960s and 1970s, Japan recovered its influences and became regarded as one of the major powers in the world. Japanese influences are viewed as highly positive, except by two countries: China and South Korea.[1]
During the Cold War, Japanese foreign policy was not self-assertive, relatively focused on their economic growth. However the end of the Cold War and bitter lessons from the Gulf War changed the policy slowly. Japanese government decided to participate in the Peacekeeping operations by the UN, and sent their troops to Cambodia, Mozambique, Golan Heights and the East Timor in the 1990s and 2000s[2]. After the September 11 attacks, Japanese naval vessels have been assigned to resupply duties in the Indian Ocean to the present date. The Ground Self-Defense Force also dispatched their troops to Southern Iraq for the restoration of basic infrastructures.
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South-East Asia
By 1990 Japan's interaction with the vast majority of Asia-Pacific countries, especially its burgeoning economic exchanges, was multifaceted and increasingly important to the recipient countries. The developing countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) regarded Japan as critical to their development. Japan's aid to the ASEAN countries totaled US $1.9 billion in Japanese fiscal year (FY) 1988 versus about US $333 million for the United States during U.S. FY 1988. Japan was the number one foreign investor in the ASEAN countries, with cumulative investment as of March 1989 of about US $14.5 billion, more than twice that of the United States. Japan's share of total foreign investment in ASEAN countries in the same period ranged from 70 to 80 percent in Thailand to 20 percent in Indonesia.
In the late 1980s, the Japanese government was making a concerted effort to enhance its diplomatic stature, especially in Asia. Toshiki Kaifu's much publicized spring 1991 tour of five Southeast Asian nations—Malaysia, Brunei, Thailand, Singapore, and the Philippines—culminated in a May 3 major foreign policy address in Singapore, in which he called for a new partnership with the ASEAN and pledged that Japan would go beyond the purely economic sphere to seek an "appropriate role in the political sphere as a nation of peace." As evidence of this new role, Japan took an active part in promoting negotiations to resolve the Cambodian conflict.
In 1997, the ASEAN member nations and the People's Republic of China, South Korea and Japan agreed to hold yearly talks to further strengthen regional cooperation, the ASEAN Plus Three meetings. In 2005 the ASEAN plus Three countries together with India, Australia and New Zealand held the inaugural East Asia Summit (EAS).
India
Throughout history, bilateral foreign relations between Japan and India have generally been friendly and strong. In December 2006, Prime Minister Singh's visit to Japan culminated in the signing of the "Joint Statement Towards Japan-India Strategic and Global Partnership."
According to Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's arc of freedom theory, it is in Japan's interests to develop closer ties with India, world's most populous democracy, while its relations with China remain chilly. To this end, Japan has funded many infrastructure projects in India, most notably in New Delhi's metro subway system and Maruti.[4]
Indian applicants have been welcomed in 2006/7 to the JET Programme, starting with just one slot available in 2006 and 41 in 2007.
India and Japan signed a security cooperation agreement in which both will hold military exercises, police the Indian Ocean and conduct military-to-military exchanges on fighting terrorism, making India one of only three countries, the other two being the United States and Australia, with which Japan has such a security pact.[5]
South Asia
In South Asia, Japan's role is mainly that of an aid donor. Japan's aid to seven South Asian countries totaled US$1.1 billion in 1988 and 1989, dropping to just under US$900 million in 1990. Except for Pakistan, which received heavy inputs of aid from the United States, all other South Asian countries receive most of their aid from Japan. Four South Asian nations—India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka—are in the top ten list of Tokyo's aid recipients worldwide. A point to note is that Indian Government has a no receive aid policy since the tsunami that struck India but indian registerred NGOs look to Japan for much investment in their projects
Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu signaled a broadening of Japan's interest in South Asia with his swing through the region in April 1990. In an address to the Indian parliament, Kaifu stressed the role of free markets and democracy in bringing about "a new international order," and he emphasized the need for a settlement of the Kashmir territorial dispute between India and Pakistan and for economic liberalization to attract foreign investment and promote dynamic growth. To India, which was very short of hard currency, Kaifu pledged a new concessional loan of ¥100 billion (about US$650 million) for the coming year. Sri Lanka and Japan are two close friends since the early stages of post World War (II) since Sri Lanka extended a great support for Japanese development plans at the UN secretarial discussions.
Canada
Some Canadian-Japanese contacts predate the mutual establishment of permanent legations. The first known Japanese immigrant to Canada, Manzo Nagano, landed in New Westminster, British Columbia in 1877.[6] Japan's consulate in Vancouver was established in 1889, 40 years before its embassy was opened in Ottawa in 1929.[7]
Canadians G. G. Cochran helped in founding Doshisha University in Kyoto, and Davidson McDonald helped in establishing Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo.[8]
In the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, a Canadian steamship, the RMS Empress of Australia and her captain, Samuel Robinson achieved international acclaim for stalwart rescue efforts during the immediate aftermath of that disaster.[9]
Canadian military attaché Herbert Cyril Thacker served in the field with Japanese forces in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), for which the Japanese government awarded him the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Third Class[10] and the Japanese War medal for service during that campaign.[11]
Canada and Japan have had diplomatic relations since 1928. Both countries are characterized by their active role in the Asia-Pacific community, as well as a relationship consisting of important economic, political, and socio-cultural ties. As major international donors, both Canada and Japan are strongly committed to promoting human rights, sustainable development and peace initiatives.
Canada-Japan relations are underpinned by their partnership in multilateral institutions: the G-7/8; the United Nations; the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Quad (Canada, the European Union, Japan and the United States), and by their common interest in the Pacific community, including participation in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).
H.I.M. Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko will visit Canada in 2009.[12]
United States
The United States is Japan's closest ally, and Japan relies on the U.S. for its national security to a high degree. As two of the world's top economic powers, both countries also rely on close economic ties for their wealth, despite ongoing and occasionally acrimonious trade frictions.
Although its constitution and government policy preclude an offensive military role for Japan in international affairs, Japanese cooperation with the United States through the 1960 U.S.-Japan Security Treaty has been important to the peace and stability of East Asia. Currently, there are domestic discussions about possible reinterpretation of Article 9 of the Japanese constitution. All postwar Japanese governments have relied on a close relationship with the United States as the foundation of their foreign policy and have depended on the mutual security treaty for strategic protection.
The relationship probably hit a post-war nadir around the early 1990s, when Japan's "economic rise" was seen as a threat to American power. Japan was the primary financier of the Gulf War, yet received major criticism in some US circles for its refusal to commit actual military support. Following the collapse of the so-called Bubble economy and the 1990s boom in the US, the Japanese economy was perceived as less of a threat to US interests. Some observers still feel that Japan's willingness to deploy troops in support of current US operations in Iraq, as spear-headed by Koizumi and the conservative LDP, reflects a vow not to be excluded from the group of countries the US considers friends. This decision may reflect a realpolitik understanding of the threat Japan faces from a rapidly modernizing China, which from its continued and indeed growing pattern of anti-Japanese demonstrations reveals the belief that old historical scores remain unsettled.
Western Europe
Although cultural and noneconomic ties with Western Europe grew significantly during the 1980s, the economic nexus remained by far the most important element of Japanese-West European relations throughout the decade. Events in West European relations, as well as political, economic, or even military matters, were topics of concern to most Japanese commentators because of the immediate implications for Japan. The major issues centred on the effect of the coming West European economic unification on Japan's trade, investment, and other opportunities in Western Europe. Some West European leaders were anxious to restrict Japanese access to the newly integrated European Union (until November 1993, the European Community), but others appeared open to Japanese trade and investment. In partial response to the strengthening economic ties among nations in Western Europe and to the United States-Canada-Mexico North American Free Trade Agreement, Japan and other countries along the Asia-Pacific rim began moving in the late 1980s toward greater economic cooperation.
On July 18, 1991, after several months of difficult negotiations, Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu signed a joint statement with the Dutch prime minister and head of the European Community Council, Ruud Lubbers, and with the European Commission president, Jacques Delors, pledging closer Japanese-European Community consultations on foreign relations, scientific and technological cooperation, assistance to developing countries, and efforts to reduce trade conflicts. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs officials hoped that this agreement would help to broaden Japanese-European Community political links and raise them above the narrow confines of trade disputes.
Other countries
Beyond its immediate neighbors, Japan has pursued a more active foreign policy in recent years, recognizing the responsibility which accompanies its economic strength. Prime Minister Fukuda stressed a changing direction in his recent policy speech to the Diet: "Japan aspires to become a hub of human resource development as well as for research and intellectual contribution to further promote cooperation in the field of peace-building."[13] This follows the modest success of a Japanese-conceived peace plan which became the foundation for nationwide elections in Cambodia in 1998. Japan has expanded ties with the Middle East, including controversial water supply activities in Iraq.[14] Japan's contribution to peacekeeping troops in Sudan remains steady;[13] and Japan is increasingly active in Africa. In May 2008, the first Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize will be awarded at Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV),[15] which signals a changing emphasis in bilateral relations. Japan has continued to extend significant support to development and technical assistance projects in Latin America.[16]
Bilateral Relations
Europe
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Austria |
See Austria–Japan relations | |
 Belarus |
See Belarus–Japan relations | |
 Bulgaria |
See Bulgaria–Japan relations | |
 Croatia |
See Croatia–Japan relations | |
 Cyprus |
See Cyprus–Japan relations | |
 Czech Republic |
See Czech Republic – Japan relations | |
 Denmark |
See Denmark–Japan relations | |
 Estonia |
See Estonia–Japan relations | |
 Finland |
See Finland–Japan relations | |
 France |
See France–Japan relations | |
 Georgia |
See Georgia–Japan relations | |
 Germany |
See Germany–Japan relations | |
 Greece |
See Greece–Japan relations | |
 Holy See |
1942-03 | The first Papal visit to Japan took place in 1981. the present Apostolic Nuncio to Japan is Archbishop Alberto Bottari de Castello (since 2005) |
 Hungary |
See Hungary–Japan relations | |
 Iceland |
See Iceland–Japan relations | |
 Ireland |
See Ireland–Japan relations | |
 Italy |
See Italy–Japan relations | |
 Kosovo |
See Japanese–Kosovan relations
Japan recognised it in 18 March 2008.[17] The first Ambassador of Japan to the Republic of Kosovo is Akio Tanaka. He is subordinate to the Japanese Embassy in Vienna, Austria[18] |
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 Lithuania |
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 Netherlands |
See Japan–Netherlands relations
The ralations between Japan and the Netherlands after 1945 have been a triangular relationship. The invasion and occupation of the Netherlands East Indies during World War II, brought about the destruction of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government as they could weakening the post war grip the Netherlands had over the territory. Under pressure from the United States, the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in 1949 (see United States of Indonesia). |
|
 Moldova |
1992-03-16 |
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 Romania |
1917 |
|
 Russia |
See Japan–Russia relations
Japan's relations with Russia are hampered by the two sides' inability to resolve their territorial dispute over the four islands that make up the Northern Territories (Kuriles), which the U.S.S.R. seized towards the end of World War II. The stalemate has prevented conclusion of a peace treaty formally ending the war. The dispute over the Kuril Islands exacerbated the Japan-Russo relations when the Japanese government published a new guideline for school textbooks on July 16, 2008 to teach Japanese children that their country has sovereignty over the Kuril Islands. The Russian public was outraged by the action the Foreign Minister of Russia criticized the action while reaffirming its sovereignty over the islands.[23] [24] The United States supports Japan on the Northern Territories issue and recognizes Japanese sovereignty over the islands[citation needed]. Despite the lack of progress in resolving the Northern Territories dispute, Japan and Russia have made some progress in developing other aspects of the relationship. Even without a peace treaty, most Japanese do not feel that relationship with Russia is troubled. That said, remembrance of the almost last-minute Soviet declaration of war on the defeated Japan in World War II and subsequent exploitation of former Japanese soldiers in harsh Siberian prison labor camps remains. |
|
 Serbia |
1997-05-20 | See Japan–Serbia relations |
 Slovenia |
1992-10 |
|
 Soviet Union |
See Japan – Soviet Union relations
Relations between the Soviet Union (1922-1991) and Japan were always tense. For one, both countries were in opposite camps during the Cold War. A second strain on relations is territorial conflicts, dealing with both the Kuril Islands dispute and the South Sakhalin dispute. These two, and a number of smaller conflicts, prevented both countries from signing a peace treaty after World War II, and even in 2007 matters remain unresolved. Strains in Japan-Soviet Union relations have deep historical roots, going back to the competition of the Japanese and Russian empires for dominance in Northeast Asia. In 1993, nearly fifty years after the end of World War II, a state of war between Japan and Russia existed technically because the government in Moscow had refused in the intervening years to sign the 1951 peace treaty. The main stumbling block in all Japan's subsequent efforts to establish bilateral relations on what it called "a truly stable basis" was the territorial dispute over the Kurils, which are known as the Northern Territories in Japan. |
|
 Switzerland |
1864 |
|
 Turkey |
1924 | |
 Ukraine |
1992-01-26 | See Japan–Ukraine relations
|
 United Kingdom |
See Japan – United Kingdom relations
The relationship between the United Kingdom and Japan began in 1600 with the arrival of William Adams (Adams the Pilot, Miura Anjin) on the shores of Kyūshū at Usuki in Ōita Prefecture. During the Sakoku period (1641-1853) there were no relations, but the treaty of 1854 saw the resumption of ties which, despite the hiatus of the Second World War, remain very strong in the present day. |
Africa
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Angola |
1976-09 | See Angola–Japan relations |
 Egypt |
See Egypt-Japan relations |
Americas
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Argentina |
1898-02-03 | See Argentina–Japan relations |
 Brazil |
See Brazil–Japan relations | |
 Canada |
See Canada–Japan relations | |
 Colombia |
See Colombia–Japan relations | |
 Mexico |
1881 | The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation concluded in 1888 between Japan and Mexico was the nation's first "equal" treaty with a foreign country.[33]
In 1897, the 35 members of the so-called Enomoto Colonization Party settle in the Mexican state of Chiapas. This was the first organized emigration from Japan to Latin America.[33] President Álvaro Obregón was awarded Japan's Order of the Chrysanthemum at a special ceremony in Mexico City. On November 27, 1924, Baron Shigetsuma Furuya, Special Ambassador from Japan to Mexico, conferred the honor on Obregón. It was reported that this had been the first time that the Order had been conferred outside the Imperial family.[34] In 1952, Mexico becomes the second country to ratify the San Francisco Peace Treaty, preceded only by the United Kingdom.[33] Mexico and Japan on September 17, 2004, signed the "Agreement Between Japan and The United Mexican States For The Strengthening of The Economic Partnership." This was the among many historic steps led by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to strengthen global economic stability. |
 Paraguay |
1924-11-17 |
|
 United States |
See Japan – United States relations
The relationship between Japan and the United States of America is one of very close economic and military cooperation coupled with extensive cultural exchange. |
|
 Uruguay |
1921-09 |
|
 Venezuela |
1938 | See Japan-Venezuela relations
Formal diplomatic relations between the countries were established in August 1938.[38] Venezuela broke off diplomatic ties with Japan (and the other Axis Powers) in December 1941, shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.[39] In 1999, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez made a three-day trip to Japan. He made another two-day trip in 2009, during which he met Prime Minister Taro Aso. |
Rest of world
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Armenia |
1992-09-07 | See Armenia–Japan relations
|
 Australia |
See Australia–Japan relations
Australia-Japan relations have elements of tension as well as acknowledged mutuality of strong interests, beliefs and friendship. Memories of World War II linger among the older members of the Australian public, as does a contemporary fear of Japanese economic domination over countries, particularly Australia, although such fears have fallen off in response to Japan's economic stagnation in the 1990s. At the same time, government and business leaders see Japan as a vital export market and an essential element in Australia's strong future growth and prosperity in the Asia Pacific region. Australia is also a major source of food and raw materials for Japan. In 1990 Australia accounted for 5.3 percent of total Japanese imports, a share that held relatively steady in the late 1980s. Due to its ability to export raw materials, Australia had a trade surplus with Japan. Australia was the largest single supplier of coal, iron ore, wool, and sugar to Japan in 1990. Australia is also a supplier of uranium. Japanese investment by 1988 made Australia the single largest source of Japanese regional imports. The ban on American and Canadian beef recently made Australia the largest supplier of beef in Japan. Resource development projects in Australia attracted Japanese capital, as did trade protectionism by necessitating local production for the Australian market. Investments in Australia totaled US$8.1 billion in 1988, accounting for 4.4 percent of Japanese direct investment abroad. Australia and Japanese relations have been growing for some time and will most likely continue to do so in the future. There is some tension regarding the issue of whaling. |
|
 Azerbaijan |
See Azerbaijan–Japan relations | |
 Bangladesh |
See Bangladesh–Japan relations | |
 Barbados |
See Barbados–Japan relations | |
 Cambodia |
See Cambodia-Japan relations | |
 India |
See India–Japan relations | |
 Iran |
See Iran–Japan relations | |
 Israel |
1952-05-15 | See Israel–Japan relations
The Japanese government refrained from appointing a Minister Plenipotentiary to Israel until 1955. Relations between the two states were distant at first, but after 1958, as demand no break occurred. This had been at the same time that OPEC had imposed an oil embargo against several countries, including Japan. |
 Korea |
See Japan–Korea relations, Timeline of Japan – North Korea relations, Timeline of Japan – South Korea relations
Japan strongly supports the U.S. in its efforts to encourage Pyongyang to abide by the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and its agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Despite the August 31, 1998 North Korean missile test which overflew the Home Islands, Japan has maintained its support for the Korean Energy Development Organization (KEDO) and the Agreed Framework, which seeks to freeze the North Korean nuclear program. The U.S., Japan, and South Korea closely coordinate and consult trilaterally on policy toward North Korea, at least on a government level. Japan has limited economic and commercial ties with North Korea. Japanese normalization talks halted when North Korea refused to discuss a number of issues with Japan. Japan and South Korea have many disputes. The former president in South Korea Roh Moo-hyun is rejecting the conference with the Prime Minister in Japan. However Both The former president in Japan Fukuda Yasuo and Korean President Lee Myung-bak are emphasizing the importance of Japan-South Korea relations to "open a new era in Japan-South Korea relations" |
|
 Lebanon |
1954-11 |
|
 Malaysia |
|
|
 Mongolia |
1972 |
|
 Nepal |
1956 | See Japan–Nepal relations |
 Pakistan |
1952-04-28 | See Japan–Pakistan relations
|
 People's Republic of China |
See People's Republic of China – Japan relations
During the Meiji Era, China was one of the first countries to feel Japanese Imperialism. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, relations with Japan changed from hostility and an absence of contact to cordiality and extremely close cooperation in many fields. During the 1960s the two countries resumed trade for the first time since World War Two under the Liao-Takasaki Agreement. On September 29, 1972, Japan and China signed a treaty establishing diplomatic relations between the states. The 1990s led to an enormous growth in China’s economic welfare. Trade between Japan and China was one of the many reasons China was able to grow in the double-digit rates during 1980s and 1990s. Japan was in the forefront among leading industrialized nations in restoring closer economic and political relations with China. Resumption of Japan's multi-billion dollar investments to China and increased visits to China by Japanese officials, culminating in the October 1992 visit of Emperor Akihito, gave a clear indication that Japan considered closer ties with China in its economic and strategic interest. Despite a 1995 apology regarding World War II by Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama, tensions still remain, mostly because many Chinese feel there is a lack of true remorse for the wartime crimes, reinforced by numerous visits to the Yasukuni Shrine by Japanese Prime ministers, attempts to revise textbooks by Japanese nationalists, the continued dispute over Japan's atrocities in the Nanking Massacre, and the resurgence of nationalism and militarism in Japan. |
|
 Philippines |
1956 | See Japan–Philippines relations
The Philippines were granted independence by the United States in 1946, and was a signatory to the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan. Diplomatic relations were re-established in 1956, when a war reparations agreement was concluded. By the end of the 1950s, Japanese companies and individual investors had begun to return to the Philippines. |
 Republic of China |
See Republic of China – Japan relations
Relations are guided by the 1972 Japan-PRC Joint Communique. Since the joint Communique, Japan has maintained non-governmental, working-level relations with Taiwan. (Japan does not recognize the ROC as an official government, so refers to Taiwan with the neutral name "Taiwan") |
|
 Saudi Arabia |
See Japan – Saudi Arabian relations
Saudi Arabian - Japan relations were established during the past half a century. Saudi-Japanese relations are based on mutual respect and common interests in all areas. |
|
 Sri Lanka |
||
 Syria |
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 Thailand |
See Japan–Thailand relations
Japan-Thailand relations span a period from the 17th century to the present. Contacts had an early start with Japanese trade on Red seal ships and the installation of Japanese communities on Siamese soil, only to be broken off with Japan's period of seclusion. Contacts resumed in the 19th century and developed to the point where Japan is today one of Thailand's foremost economic partners. Thailand and Japan share the distinction of never having lost sovereignity during the Colonial period. |
|
 Tonga |
See Japan-Tonga relations
Japan and the Kingdom of Tonga have maintained official diplomatic relations since July 1970.[45] Japan is Tonga's leading donor in the field of technical aid.[46] The Japanese government describes its relations with Tonga as "excellent", and states that "the Imperial family of Japan and the Royal family of Tonga have developed a cordial and personal relationship over the years".[47] |
|
 Vietnam |
See Japan–Vietnam relations
Vietnamese-Japanese relations stretch back to the at least the 16th century, when the two countries engaged in friendly trade. Modern relations between the two countries are based on Vietnam's developing economy and Japan's role as an investor and foreign aid donor. |
Debates and frictions
 |
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007) |
Japan has formally issued statements for its military occupations during and before World War II, but it has done little in helping to improve its relationships with neighboring countries, especially the People's Republic of China, North Korea and South Korea. Despite some formal statements of regret from Prime Ministers Hosokawa Morihiro and Murayama Tomiichi, these countries still insist that Japan has yet to formally express remorse for its wrongdoings in the 20th century. Japan’s official stance is that all war related reparation claims have been resolved (except for North Korea). Unofficial visits to the controversial Yasukuni Jinja by past and present Prime Ministers belonging to the Liberal Democratic Party and the exclusion or generalization of some elements of Japan’s military history in a number school textbooks have also clouded the issue.
In 2004 the People’s Republic of China, North Korea, and South Korea also criticized Japan for sending its Ground Self Defence Forces to Iraq, which was seen as a return to militarism. The government of Japan insisted that its forces would only participate in reconstruction and humanitarian aid missions.
There is a strong anti-Japanese sentiment in the People’s Republic of China, North Korea and South Korea. However, division is not always the case. South Korea and Japan successfully dual-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup together bridging a physical and political gap between the two countries. The high popularity of Bae Yong Joon, a South Korean actor, in Japan was also seen as a sign that the two cultures had moved closer together.
Disputed territories
Japan has several territorial disputes with its neighbors concerning the control of certain outlying islands. It vies with Russia for the Southern Kuril Islands (including Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group) which were occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945; with South Korea over Liancourt Rocks (Japanese: "Takeshima", Korean: "Dokdo"); with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (Taiwan) over the Senkaku Islands; and with the People's Republic of China over the status of Okinotorishima. These disputes are in part about the control of marine and natural resources, such as possible reserves of crude oil and natural gas.
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Japan
- Diplomatic missions of Japan
- List of war apology statements issued by Japan
- Hotta Masayoshi
- Japan–Oceania relations
References
- ^ BBC World Service Poll, 6 March 2007 PDF)
- ^ 国連平和維持活動（PKO）, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- ^ http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/
- ^ India Rediscovering East Asia, PINR
- ^ http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/
- ^ Ambassade du Japon au Canada: 80 années d'histoire, Contact initial.
- ^ Numata, Sadaaki. "Japan-Canada Partnership from a Pacific Perspective," Embassy of Japan in Canada. October 18, 2005.
- ^ Foreign Ministry of Japan: Episodes in Japan-Canada Relations.
- ^ "Capt. Samuel Robinson, Who Won Fame For Rescue Work in Jap Quake, Dies," New York Times. September 7, 1958.
- ^ L'Harmattan web site (in French)
- ^ _____. (1922). Prominent People of the Maritime Provinces, p. 193.
- ^ Nishida, Tsuneo. "Toyako Summit identified a range of global challenges," The Gazette (Montreal). August 4, 2008.
- ^ a b Komura, Masahiko. "Building Peacebuilders for the Future," Tokyo Peacebuilders Symposium 2008. March 24, 2008.
- ^ Iraq reconstruction.
- ^ "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize"
- ^ Latin America
- ^ ""Statement by Foreign Minister Masahiko Koumura on the Recognition of the Republic of Kosovo"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2008-03-18. http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2008/3/0318.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-18.
- ^ "Japan and Kosovo strengthen diplomatic ties". New Kosova Report. 2009-06-23. http://www.newkosovareport.com/200906231843/Politics/Japan-and-Kosovo-strengthen-diplomatic-ties.html. Retrieved on 2009-06-24.
- ^ (English) (Japanese) (Lithuanian) Embassy of Japan in Lithuania
- ^ (Lithuanian) (Japanese) (English) Embassy of Lithuania in Japan
- ^ Japanese embassy in Bucharest (in Japanese and Romanian only)
- ^ Romanian embassy in Tokyo
- ^ Russia hopes to solve territorial dispute with Japan by strengthening trust, Xinhua News Agency, Accessed 2008-07-19
- ^ Japanese schoolbooks to claim Russia's Southern Kuril Islands, RussiaToday, Accessed 2008-07-19
- ^ Japanese embassy in Ljubljana (in Japanese and Slovenian only)
- ^ Slovenian embassy in Tokyo
- ^ Japanese embassy in Berne
- ^ Japanese general consulate in Geneva
- ^ Japanese embassy in Ankara
- ^ Turkish embassy in Tokyo
- ^ "Ukrainian embassy in Tokyo". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. http://www.mfa.gov.ua/japan/en/news/top.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-22.
- ^ "Embassy of Japan in Ukraine". Embassy of Japan in Ukraine. http://www.ua.emb-japan.go.jp/E/Home-page/index_en.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-22.
- ^ a b c Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Japan-Mexico Foreign Relations
- ^ "Japan Decorates Obregon; Order of the Chrysanthemum is Conferred by Special Ambassador," New York Times, November 28, 1924.
- ^ Japanese embassy in Asuncion (in Japanese and Spanish only)
- ^ Paraguayan embassy in Tokyo
- ^ Japanese embassy in Montevideo (in Japanese and Spanish)
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: Japan-Venezuelan relations
- ^ "Venezuela Breaks with Axis Regimes," New York Times, Jan. 1, 1942
- ^ Embassy of Japan in Lebanon
- ^ Embassy of Lebanon in Japan
- ^ Japanese embassy in Ulan Bator (in Japanese and Mongolian only)
- ^ Embassy of Japan in Sri Lanka
- ^ Sri Lanka Embassy in Japan
- ^ "Japan-Tonga Relations", Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- ^ "Japan-Tonga Relations", Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- ^ "Japan-Tonga Relations", Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.
External links
- Various articles and discussion papers on Japan's foreign relations in the electronic journal of contemporary Japaneses studies
- Rwanda: Kagame Addresses Japanese Senate
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