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| Strawberry | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Subfamily: | Rosoideae |
| Tribe: | Potentilleae |
| Subtribe: | Fragariinae[1] |
| Genus: | Fragaria L. |
| Species | |
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20+ species; see text |
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Fragaria (pronounced /frəˈɡɛəriə/)[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits. Originally straw was used as a mulch in cultivating the plants, which may have led to its name.[3] There are more than 20 described species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the Garden strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa). Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.
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Morphology
The strawberry is an accessory fruit; that is, the fleshy part is derived not from the ovaries which are the "seeds" (actually achenes) but from the peg at the bottom of the hypanthium that held the ovaries. So from a technical standpoint, the seeds are the actual fruits of the plant, and the flesh of the strawberry is modified receptacle tissue. It is whitish-green as it develops and in most species turns red when ripe. All strawberries have seeds that are visible from the outside.
A longitudinal section of the fruit reveals (from top to bottom): a green cap (Calyx (botany)), light yellow seeds (achene), a vascular bundle, a pith, and a receptacle (cortex).[4]
History
The woodland strawberry, F. vesca, was the first to be cultivated, in the 17th century. Before that time period it had already been used for centuries extensively by ancient Persians who knew the fruit as Toot Farangi.
The typical cultivated strawberry comes from the Americas, and is a hybrid of the North American F. virginiana and the South American F. chiloensis, developed in the early 18th century.
Classification
There are more than 20 different Fragaria species worldwide. Key to the classification of strawberry species is recognizing that they vary in the number of chromosomes. There are seven basic types of chromosomes that they all have in common. However, they exhibit different polyploidy. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total). Others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).
As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries (Darrow).
- Diploid species
- Fragaria daltoniana J.Gay (Himalayas)
- Fragaria iinumae Makino (East Russia, Japan)
- Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlecht. ex J.Gay (South and Southeast Asia)
- Fragaria nipponica Makino (Japan)
- Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita (Himalayas)
- Fragaria vesca Coville - Woodland Strawberry (Northern Hemisphere)
- Fragaria viridis Duchesne (Europe, Central Asia)
- Fragaria yezoensis H.Hara (Northeast Asia)
- Tetraploid species
- Fragaria moupinensis Cardot (China)
- Fragaria orientalis -
- Hexaploid species
- Fragaria moschata Duchesne - Musk strawberry (Europe)
- Octoploid species and hybrids
- Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne - Garden strawberry
- Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. - Beach strawberry (Western Americas)
- Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma chiloensis
- Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma patagonica (Argentina, Chile)
- Fragaria chiloensis subsp. lucida (E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt (coast of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
- Fragaria chiloensis subsp. pacifica Staudt (coast of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
- Fragaria chiloensis subsp. sandwicensis (Decne.) Staudt - ʻŌhelo papa (Hawaiʻi)
- Fragaria iturupensis Staudt - Iturup Strawberry (Iturup, Kuril Islands)
- Fragaria virginiana Mill. - Virginia Strawberry (North America)
- Decaploid species and hybrids
Numerous other species have been proposed. Some are now recognized as subspecies of one of the above species (see GRIN taxonomy database).
The Mock Strawberry and Barren Strawberry, which both bear resemblance to Fragaria, are closely related species in the genus Potentilla. The Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) is an unrelated species.
Ecology
A number of species of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) feed on strawberry plants; for details see this list.
See also
Footnotes
- ^ "Fragaria". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2008-03-03. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?4744. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- ^ Wiktionary entry for "strawberry"
- ^ http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0633/
References
- Darrow, George M. The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966.
External links
- Balconmicrobio.com - How to grow strawberries in balcony (Spanish)
- GRIN Fragaria Taxonomy Database Listing of Fragaria species, from the USDA website
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
