Frederick N. Funston (September 11, 1865 – February 19, 1917) also known as Fred Funston, was a General in the United States Army, best known for his role in the Spanish-American War and the Philippine-American War. He received Medal of Honor for his actions during the Philippine-American War.
Early life and career
Funston was born in New Carlisle, Ohio before his family moved to Allen County, Kansas in 1881. His father, Edward H. Funston, was elected to the US Congress.
A slight individual who stood just five feet five inches tall and weighed only 120 pounds, Funston failed an admissions test to the United States Military Academy in 1884, then attended the University of Kansas from 1885 to 1888 but did not graduate. While there he joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity and became friends with future Pulitzer Prize winner William Allen White. He worked as a trainman for the Santa Fe Railroad before becoming a reporter in Kansas City in 1890.
After one year as a journalist, Funston moved into more scientific exploration, focusing primarily on botany. First serving as part of an exploring and surveying expedition in Death Valley, CA in 1891, he then traveled to Alaska to spend the next two years in work for the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Cuba
He eventually joined the Cuban Revolutionary Army that was fighting for independence from Spain in 1896 after having been inspired to join following a rousing speech given by Gen. Daniel E. Sickles at Madison Square Garden in New York.
After a bout of malaria, Funston's weight dropped to an alarming 95 pounds and he was given a leave of absence by the Cubans. When Funston returned to the United States, he was commissioned as a colonel of the 20th Kansas Infantry in the United States Army on May 13, 1898, in the early days of the Spanish-American War. That same year, he landed in the Philippines as part of the U.S. forces that would become engaged in the Philippine-American War.
Philippines
Funston was in command in various engagements with Filipino nationalists. In April 1899, he took a Filipino position at Calumpit by swimming the Bagbag River, then crossing the Pampanga River under heavy fire. For his bravery, Funston was soon promoted to the rank of Brigadier General of Volunteers and awarded the Medal of Honor on February 14, 1900.
Funston played a key role in planning and capturing Filipino President Emilio Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901 at Palanan. The capture of Aguinaldo made Funston a national hero, although his reputation was somewhat tarnished when details of the capture became known. Funston's party, escorted by a company of Macabebe mercenaries, had gained access to Aguinaldo's camp by posing as prisoners of Macabe scouts. In recognition of his capture of Aguinaldo, Funston was appointed a Brigadier General in the Regular Army at the age of 35. Funston's capture of Aguinaldo saved his military career as he had been previously denied a commission in the Regular Army, and was scheduled to be mustered out of the volunteer service.
In 1902, Funston toured the United States to increase public support of the Philippine-American War and became the focus of controversy by stating,
- "I personally strung up thirty-five Filipinos without trial, so what was all the fuss over Waller's 'dispatching' a few 'treacherous savages'? If there had been more Smiths and Wallers, the war would have been over long ago. Impromptu domestic hanging might also hasten the end of the war. For starters, all Americans who had recently petitioned Congress to sue for peace in the Philippines should be dragged out of their homes and lynched.",[1][2]
Mark Twain, a strong opponent of US imperialism, published a sarcasm-filled denunciation of Funston's mission and methods under the title "A Defence of General Funston" in the North American Review.
Funston was considered a useful advocate for American expansionism, but when he publicly made insulting remarks about anti-imperialist Republican Senator George Frisbie Hoar of Massachusetts, mocking his "overheated conscience" in Denver, just before a planned trip to Boston, President Theodore Roosevelt denied his furlough request, and ordered him silenced and officially reprimanded.[3]
Stateside and overseas again
Col. Funston and Eda in their family living room in the Presidio of San Francisco.
In 1906, Funston was in command of the Presidio of San Francisco when the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake hit. Funston took command of the city, although martial law was never officially declared[4] , and directed the dynamiting of buildings to create fire-breaks to stop the out-of-control burning of the city. Funston's actions were later assessed with a mixture of criticism and praise. Some objected that he far exceeded his authority and acted contrary to military law, while others hailed him as a hero who did what was necessary in the face of the disaster. Moreover, many realize that by using black powder, rather than dynamite, he was actually responsible for spreading the fire and he should not be regarded as a hero of the earthquake. In fact, his headstrong refusal to see any other course but his own resulted in a much larger loss of life and property.
That same year Funston successfully negotiated peace in Cuba.
From December 1907 through March 1908, he was in charge of troops at the Goldfield mining center in Esmeralda County, Nevada, where the army put down a labor strike by the Industrial Workers of the World.
Then, after two years as Commandant of the Army Service School in Ft. Leavenworth, he served three years as Commander of the Department of Luzon in the Philippines, then was briefly shifted to the same role in the Hawaiian Department.
Funston was active in the conflict with Mexico in 1914-1916. He occupied the city of Veracruz, and later took part in the hunt for Pancho Villa, becoming a Major General in November 1914.
World War I and death
Funston's body lying in state at San Francisco City Hall.
Shortly before the US entry into World War I, President Woodrow Wilson favored Funston to head any American Expeditionary Force (AEF). His intense focus on work would lead to health problems, first with a case of indigestion in January 1917, followed by a fatal heart attack at the age of 51 years in San Antonio, Texas.
In the moments leading up to his death, Funston was relaxing in the lobby of a San Antonio, Texas hotel, listening to an orchestra play The Blue Danube Waltz. After commenting, "How beautiful it all is," he collapsed from a massive painful heart attack (myocardial infarctus) and died.
Douglas MacArthur, then a major, had the unpleasant duty of breaking the news to President Wilson and Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. As MacArthur explained in his memoirs, "had the voice of doom spoken, the result could not have been different. The silence seemed like that of death itself. You could hear your own breathing."
Funston lay in state at both the Alamo and the City Hall Rotunda in San Francisco. The latter honor gave him the distinction of being the first person to be recognized with this tribute, with his subsequent burial taking place in San Francisco National Cemetery. After his death, his position of AEF commander went to General John Pershing. The Lake Merced military reservation (part of San Francisco's coastal defenses) was renamed Fort Funston in his honor, while the training camp built in 1917 next to Fort Riley in Kansas (which became the second-largest World War I camp) was named Camp Funston. Funston's daughter, son and grandson, both of whom served in the United States Air Force, were later interred with him.
Medal of Honor citation
- Rank and organization
- Colonel, 20th Kansas Volunteer Infantry.
- Place and date
- At Rio Grande de la Pampanga, Luzon, Philippine Islands, April 27, 1899.
- Entered service at
- Iola, Kansas.
- Birth
- Springfield, Ohio.
- Date of issue
- February 14, 1900.
- Citation
- Crossed the river on a raft and by his skill and daring enabled the general commanding to carry the enemy's entrenched position on the north bank of the river and to drive him with great loss from the important strategic position of Calumpit.[5]
Further reading
- "Funston, Frederick" in The National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vol. 11, Pages 40–41.
See also
References
- ^ http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/history/2003/nov2003kiplingempire.htm
- ^ New York Sun March 10, 1902; Benevolent Assimilation The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903, --Stuart Creighton Miller, (Yale University Press, 1982), page 234-235
- ^ ibid., page 235; New York Times, April 10, 1902. Front-page headlines: Boston Herald, April 24, 1902: "President Muzzles Funston" and San Francisco Call, April 25, 1902: "Funston Silenced. President Orders Him to Cease Talking."
- ^ Gordon Thomas & Max Morgan Witts: The San Francisco Earthquake (Stein and Day, New York; Souvenir Press, London, 1971; reprinted Dell, 1972, SBN 440-07631, page 83)
- ^ http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/philippine.html
External links
