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The Fur (fòòrà in Fur, فور in Arabic) are an ethnic group from western Sudan, principally inhabiting the region of Darfur, where they are the largest^[2] tribe.

They are a Western Sudanese people who practice sedentary herding and agriculture, mainly the cultivation of millet. Their society is a traditional one governed by village elders. They speak Fur, a Nilo-Saharan language, and are Muslims, having adopted the religion following the region's conquest by the Kanem-Bornu Empire during the Middle Ages. Some of them have come to speak Arabic in recent years.

The name of Darfur comes from the name of this tribe and means "the home of the Fur". Most renowned governors of Darfur such as Deriage and Tegani Seisei are members of the Fur. The Fur established the historical Sultanate of Darfur which governed Darfur until 1916 (see History of Darfur).

Abdul Wahid al Nur, a leader among the Fur,^[3] established the Sudan Liberation Movement and Army. Another leader of the tribe, as of 2007^[update], is Ahmed Abdelshafi (Toba).^[2]

The traditional heartland of the Fur is the mountainous region around Jebel Sî and Jebel Marra Wadi Salih and Zaligi; today, however, most of them live in the lower country west and southwest of that area, between 11-14 N and 23-26 E. Some Fur live across the border in Chad, many of them refugees.

The Furs' lifestyle has led to conflict with the nomadic Baggara, cattle-herders of the region, concerning access to water and grazing land, particularly in Darfur's central Jebel Marra mountains where the best agricultural land is to be found. This has been the source of ethnic tensions for many years, culminating in the Darfur conflict, which began in 2003.

Many Fur villagers were massacred in the ethnic fighting as Mahria and Terjem tribes divided up land they conquered from the Fur, according to a September 3, 2007 New York Times account citing United Nations officials and Fur survivors.^[2]

The Fur are well-known for their Muslim piety.^[4] They are also well-known for being so proud of their African identity, the main reason behind the Fur's opposition to all governments that have been ruling Sudan since 1956 and led by central and northern Sudan Arab elites. Although they are well-known for their Muslim piety, their Islam is very much mixed with their African traditions and customs. For many Fur, African traditions are more important than the Islamic instructions. Approximately all new Fur intellectuals are secular and tend to support the idea of New Sudan that was created by John Garang De Mabiour, the founder of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army.

Identity

The Fur are the largest ethnic group in the Darfur region of western Sudan. They are also sometimes referred to by the names Fora, Fordunga, Furawi, Konjara or Kungara. They are an active agricultural people and may also herd cattle. Some Fur families who have accumulated a substantial cattle herd developed a more nomadic lifestyle like that of their herding neighbors, the Baqqara (Baggara) Arabs. Culturally, those cattle-herding Fur are now considered to be Baqqara. The Fur are nominally Sunni Muslims following the Maliki school of Islamic law.

Culture

Communication

This article focuses on the basics of communication such as their spoken language, written language, words, and their meanings.

The Fur speak a fairly uniform Nilo-Saharan language also called Fur. Though they may speak Arabic in order to relate to their Arabic neighbors and the Sudanese central government, they very much retain their traditional identity.

There is no written or symbolic script for the Fur language. Recently, people have been using Arabic or English characters to put the language in written form. Most Fur people speak Fur fluently as their mother tongue. Common greetings are:

Avilakoa: Good Morning
Avilakonu: Good Evening.

Heavy drums are often used while making speeches and other public addresses.^[5]

Art Forms

The art forms of the Fur tribe in Darfur are:

Dance

The Fur tribe's dance style is very unique. Some of the main dances in the tribe are Nogara, Firalubia and Dukkei, which are performed on special occasions such as weddings, a birth of a child and etc.

Hand made art

The Fur people make their own hand made art and utensils. These include Talak which is used for cleaning pots. Talak looks like a sponge. Birish which is a carpet for sitting and Gada which is a wood plate or bowl used for important occasions.

Music/Stories/Entertainment

In the Fur tribe, stories are told to keep children safe from the outside world. These stories are designed to keep children close to home. In some stories children are told, if they go out in the morning they will die from the heat of the sun, and in the night they are told if they go out a animal called nyama will eat them.

Fur music is very popular in their culture . The main instruments are drums. The music is played with a heavy drumbeat that accompanies their celebrations.

Architecture

There is one common type of architecture in homes and buildings, which is called guttiya. Guttiya is a mud house.

Attire and Body Art/Facial Art

Clothes in the tribe are normal as any other place they wear casual sudanese clothes like jalabiya. A long time ago^[when?] in the Fur tribe women used to poke their lower lip many times until the lip starts to swell. These dents were considered as a sign of beauty.^[6]

Social Structure

In the social structure of the Fur tribe, they do not have so much regard for their wealth. In fact, a poor leader and a rich leader have an equal chance of becoming a chief. The experience of a man is based on the knowledge of the Quran. A man cannot even get married if he does not know a couple pages of this text.

The Quran is studied with the help of a hand-held board shaped object known as the lohh and a wooden stylus called a kalam. The Fur tribesman’s knowledge of the Quran determines their position on the tribe’s hierarchy ladder. For example, a tribesman MUST know almost the whole book to attain position as chieftain.

The Fur tribe also has its own crafts for entertainment. These include games like “ALLE”(all-eh) and toys like Burajei. Burajei is a small doll-like toy made from a camel’s back. It is bound by rope and sewn by thorns.

Social Behavior

When greeting each other, a woman and a man have different methods of respect. The woman must kneel down before the man and the man must slow his pace. Different sexes can also dance together but are forbidden to touch or live with each other unless they are family.

Men and women can usually get married at the normal age. The groom and wife will meet each other and get to know about their accomplishments, etc. Then if everything works out correctly, the marriage is on.

Roles of Men and Women

The men have a role as the family name bearer. The have to work to get money and are responsible for mostly everything including finance, economy and health. The women get water, prepare food and ensure the cleanliness of their home.

The girls normally help their mothers, milk cows and stay at home. The boys on the other hand rear and herd cattle along with domesticated. However, if either of these two misbehaves, they get a good spanking from their elders. Also, they cannot look an adult in the face.^[7]

Eating

Sudan is famous for its Guhwah coffee served from a Jebena, a special Sudanese pot. The coffee beans are roasted in this pot over charcoal then ground with cloves and other spices. The grounds are steeped in hot water and the coffee is served in tiny cups after straining it through a grass sieve.

Tea or chai is also very popular and served in small glasses without milk. Some beverages enjoyed in the non-Islamic areas are Aragi, a clear strong spirit made from dates, merissa, a type of beer and tedj, or wines, made from dates or honey. Sudanese cuisine is as varied as its cultures, especially in the south, but it has certain unique characteristics. Millet porridge and fool medamas, a savory dish of mashed fava beans, are popular breakfast foods in the north. Lamb and chicken are often eaten, but pork is prohibited to Muslims. Wheat, and dura sorghum, are the staple starches. Breads include the Arabian khubz, and kisra, an omelette-like pancake which is part of the Sudanese dinner. Maschi, a beef and tomato dish, is also typical. Fruits are peeled for dessert and a favourite treat is creme caramel. In the south, dinner is served on a low, bare table. There may be five or six dishes to dip into with large pieces of flatbread. These dishes are accompanied by a salad and shata, a red-hot spice mixture served in small dishes. After the meal, dessert is served, then tea. On special occasions incense may be lit. The ritual of hospitality is important in Sudan. Here's a Sudanese recipe to try:

Sudanese Meat Sauce

Ingredients

• 1 kg lamb or beef, cut into pieces
• 2 tbs oil (vegetable or sesame)
• 1 onion
• 1 can tomato sauce/paste
• 1/2 tsp cumin
• salt & pepper
• 1 or 2 garlic cloves chopped
• lemon juice

Preparation

Brown the meat pieces in oil. Add onion, tomato sauce, cumin, salt, garlic, pepper and lemon juice to taste. Simmer on stove in covered pan for 30 minutes. Serve with kisra.

Courtesy of Eating the Sudanese Way

Economic Base

Families in the Fur tribe have, as in any other place, many types of families. Porundia, or nuclear families, are a very common type. They normally have 2 or more children. In a typical Fur family, the parents of the groom and wife will be taken care of until they die.

In a Fur marriage, the groom has to go to the bride’s house. But, this is not done immediately. When the groom does go, though, he is accompanied by a lively dance called Zaffa.

Institutions

Islam is the major religion in the fur tribe although some still practice their own religion. The schools called (Kalwa) in this region teach the Quran, the book of the Muslims. Classes begin at 6–7 years and they continue learning the Quran (though not entirely in school) for the rest of their lives. Normal schooling is also practiced in these schools.

The main occupation here is farming. The Fur people are excellent farmers. They grow and harvest wheat, herbs, spices, etc. Wealth is not really important for the Fur people. Only his knowledge of the Quran determines his altitude.

History

The Fur history is very interesting. The Fur tribe came from the southern Africa to northwest of Sudan where they settled in Darfur. They had 36 sultanates. The Fur was also one of the 1st people from Africa and other tribes in the country who were picked to build the wall covering and mosque surrounding the Kaaba. The Kaaba is a black stone that Muslims worship as part of their beliefs.^[8]

Political Situation

Until 1916, the Fur were ruled by an independent sultanate and were oriented politically to peoples in Chad. Though the ruling dynasty before that time, as well as the common people, had long been Muslims, they have not been arabized. They are now incorporated into the Sudan political system. The Fur had been basically independent from the 1600s. After British reconquest in 1899, the British approved the re-establishment of the Fur Sultanate, assumed by Ali Dinar when the Mahdist movement crumbled. Mahdist revolts continued to break out in Sudan until 1916. The fall of Darfur was actually decided, however, when Ali Dinar declared loyalty to the Ottoman Empire in World War I. The British abolished the Fur Sultanate in 1916, after Dinar died in battle. In World War I, Darfur made a bid for independence by allying with Turkey against the British. However, the British conquered Darfur in 1916, since then it has been part of Sudan. Since the 1970s, the Darfur area has suffered some of the effects of the northern Arab war prosecuted in the south against Southern tribes who wanted to secede from the Sudan. War has been the primary factor in the last few decades of the Darfur area. A civil war lasted about 20 years, until the end of the 20th Century. A new conflict arose in 2003, involving local Arab militia called Janjaweed attacking the African peoples village by village in a campaign of terror, reportedly supported by the Sudanese military.

Notes