| Richard Wagner |
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Operas
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Götterdämmerung (help·info) (English: Twilight of the Gods)[1] is the last in Richard Wagner's cycle of four operas entitled Der Ring des Nibelungen (English: The Ring of the Nibelung, or The Ring for short). It received its premiere at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus on 17 August 1876, as part of the first complete performance of the Ring.
The title is a translation into German of the Old Norse phrase Ragnarök, which in Norse mythology refers to a prophesied war of the gods which brings about the end of the world. However, as with the rest of the Ring, Wagner's account of this apocalypse diverges significantly from his Old Norse sources.
The term Götterdämmerung is occasionally used in English, referring to a disastrous conclusion of events such as the defeat of Nazi Germany which had an ideology in part based on Norse mythology.[2]
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Composition
Roles
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 17 August 1876 (Conductor: Hans Richter) |
|---|---|---|
| Siegfried | tenor | Georg Unger |
| Brünnhilde | soprano | Amalie Materna |
| Gunther | baritone | Eugen Gura |
| Gutrune | soprano | Mathilde Weckerlin |
| Hagen | bass | Gustav Siehr |
| Alberich | baritone | Karl Hill |
| Waltraute | mezzo-soprano | Luise Jaide |
| First Norn | contralto | Johanna Jachmann-Wagner |
| Second Norn | mezzo-soprano | Josephine Schefsky |
| Third Norn | soprano | Friederike Grün |
| Woglinde | soprano | Lilli Lehmann |
| Wellgunde | soprano | Marie Lehmann |
| Flosshilde | mezzo-soprano | Minna Lammert |
| Vassals, women | ||
Synopsis
Prologue
The three Norns, daughters of Erda, gather beside Brünnhilde's rock, weaving the rope of Destiny. They sing of the past and the present, and of the future when Wotan will set fire to Valhalla to signal the end of the gods. Without warning, their rope breaks. Lamenting the loss of their wisdom, the Norns disappear.
As day breaks, Siegfried and Brünnhilde emerge from their cave. Brünnhilde sends Siegfried off to new adventures, urging him to keep their love in mind. As a pledge of fidelity, Siegfried gives her the ring which he took from Fafner's hoard. Bearing Brünnhilde's shield and mounting her horse Grane, Siegfried rides away as an orchestral interlude (Siegfried's Journey to the Rhine) starts.
Act 1
The act begins in the Hall of the Gibichungs, a population dwelling by the Rhine. Gunther, lord of the Gibichungs, sits enthroned. His half-brother and executive servant, Hagen advises him to find a wife for himself and a husband for their sister Gutrune. He suggests Brünnhilde for Gunther's wife, and Siegfried for Gutrune's husband. He reminds Gutrune that he has given her a potion that she can use to make Siegfried forget Brünnhilde and fall in love with Gutrune; under its influence, Siegfried will win Brünnhilde for Gunther. Gunther and Gutrune agree enthusiastically with this plan.
Siegfried appears at Gibichung Hall, seeking to meet Gunther. Gunther extends his hospitality to the hero, and Gutrune offers him the love potion. Unaware of the deception, Siegfried toasts Brünnhilde and their love. Drinking the potion, he loses his memory of Brünnhilde and falls in love with Gutrune instead. In his drugged state, Siegfried offers to win a wife for Gunther, who tells him about Brünnhilde and the magic fire. They swear blood-brotherhood (Hagen holds the drinking horn in which they mix their blood, but he does not join in the oath) and leave for Brünnhilde's rock. Hagen, left on guard duty, gloats that his so-called masters are unwittingly bringing the Ring to him (Hagen's watch).
Meanwhile, Brünnhilde is visited by her Valkyrie sister Waltraute, who relates how Wotan returned from his wanderings one day with his spear shattered. (Wotan is dismayed at losing his spear, as it has all the treaties and bargains he has made—everything that gives him power—carved into its shaft.) Wotan ordered branches of Yggdrasil, the World tree, be piled around Valhalla; sent his ravens to spy on the world and bring him news; and currently waits in Valhalla for the end. Waltraute begs Brünnhilde to return the ring to the Rhine maidens, since the ring's curse is now affecting their father, Wotan. However, Brünnhilde refuses to relinquish Siegfried's token of love, and Waltraute rides away in despair.
Siegfried arrives, disguised as Gunther using the Tarnhelm, and claims Brünnhilde as wife. Though Brünnhilde violently resists, Siegfried overpowers her, snatching the Ring from her hand and placing it on his own.
Act 2
Hagen, waiting by the bank of the Rhine, is visited in his semi-waking sleep (sitting up, eyes open, but motionless) by his father, Alberich. On Alberich's urging, he swears to kill Siegfried and acquire the Ring. Siegfried arrives via Tarnhelm-magic as dawn breaks, having resumed his natural form and left Brünnhilde on the boat with Gunther. Hagen summons the Gibichung vassals to welcome Gunther and his bride. He does this by sounding the war-alarm; the vassals are surprised to learn that the occasion is not battle, but their master's wedding and party. (The vassals are the only use of a chorus in the entire Ring cycle, unless you count a single shriek from the Nibelungs in Das Rheingold.)
Gunther leads in a downcast Brünnhilde, who is astonished to see Siegfried. Noticing the Ring on Siegfried's hand, she realizes she has been betrayed--that the man who conquered her was not Gunther, but Siegfried in disguise. She denounces Siegfried in front of Gunther's vassals and accuses Siegfried of having seduced her himself. Siegfried swears on Hagen's spear that her accusations are false. Brünnhilde seizes the tip of the spear and swears that they are true. Once again Hagen supervises silently as others take oaths to his advantage. But this time, since the oath is sworn on a weapon, the understanding is that if the oath is proven false, the weapon's owner should avenge it by killing the perjurer with that weapon. Siegfried then leads Gutrune and the bystanders off to the wedding feast, leaving Brünnhilde, Hagen, and Gunther alone by the shore. Deeply shamed by Brünnhilde's outburst, Gunther agrees to Hagen's suggestion that Siegfried must be slain for his honour to be regained. Brünnhilde, seeking revenge for Siegfried's manifest treachery, joins the plot and tells Hagen that Siegfried would be vulnerable to a stab in the back. Hagen and Gunther decide to lure Siegfried on a hunting-trip and murder him. They sing a trio in which Brünnhilde and Gunther vow in the name of Wotan, "guardian of oaths", to kill Siegfried, while Hagen repeats his pledge to Alberich: to acquire the Ring and rule the world through its power.
Act 3
In the woods by the bank of the Rhine, the Rhine maidens mourn the lost Rhine gold. Siegfried happens by, separated from the hunting party. They urge him to return the Ring and avoid its curse, but he laughs at them and says he prefers to die rather than to bargain for his life. They swim away, predicting that Siegfried will die and that his heir, a lady, will treat them more fairly.
Siegfried rejoins the hunters, who include Gunther and Hagen. While resting, he tells them about the adventures of his youth. Hagen gives him another potion, which restores his memory, and he tells of discovering the sleeping Brünnhilde and awakening her with a kiss. Hagen stabs him in the back with his spear. The others look on in horror, and Hagen explains in three words ("Meineid rächt sich!" - Perjury avenges itself) that since Siegfried admitted loving Brunnhilde, the oath he swore on Hagen's spear was obviously false, therefore it was Hagen's duty to kill him with it. Hagen calmly walks away into the wood. Siegfried recollects his awakening of Brünnhilde and dies. His body is carried away in a solemn funeral procession (Siegfried's funeral march) that forms the interlude as the scene is changed and recapitulates much of the music associated with Siegfried and the Walsungs.
Back in the Gibichung Hall, Gutrune awaits Siegfried's return. Hagen arrives ahead of the funeral party. Gutrune is devastated when Siegfried's corpse is brought in. Gunther blames Siegfried's death on Hagen, who replies that Siegfried had incurred the penalty of his false oath, and further, claims the Ring on Siegfried's finger by right of conquest. When Gunther objects, Hagen appeals to the vassals to support his claim. Gunther draws his sword but Hagen attacks and easily kills him. However, as Hagen moves to take the Ring, the dead hero's hand rises threateningly, and he recoils.
Brünnhilde makes her entrance and takes charge of events (the Immolation Scene). Brünnhilde issues orders for a huge funeral pyre to be assembled by the river. She sends Wotan's ravens home with "anxiously longed-for tidings."; they fly off. She takes the Ring and tells the Rhine maidens to claim it from her ashes, once fire has cleansed it of its curse. The pyre lit, Brünnhilde mounts her horse Grane and rides into the flames.
What follows are perhaps the most difficult-to-realise stage directions in the history of theatre - and the most impressive when they succeed: the fire flares up as the Rhine overflows its banks, bearing the Rhine maidens on its waves. Hagen madly tries to steal the Ring from them and drowns. The Rhine maidens swim away, bearing the Ring in triumph. The Hall of the Gibichungs collapses. As the flames increase in intensity, Valhalla comes into view in the sky, and the Gods, seated within it. Bright flames flare up in the Hall of the Gods, finally hiding it and them from sight completely. The music for this scene combines several of the major leitmotifs from the previous operas (including those for the Magic Fire, the Valkyries' Ride, Seigfried as Hero, the Rhine Maidens' song, Valhalla, and the Twilight of the Gods) but a theme heard only once previously, known as "redemption through love", brings it to an end.
Noted excerpts
Two extended orchestral selections—"Dawn and Siegfried's Rhine Journey," an abridged excerpt from the Prologue without the singers; and "Siegfried's Funeral March," lifted uncut from Act III—are often presented outside the opera house, and are published separately from the lengthy work. Early versions of these selections were approved by the composer himself. These excerpts include specially composed endings so that the excerpt is able to stand on its own as a complete composition.
Other notable excerpts include
- Siegfried and Brünnhilde's duet (Prologue). This is part of "Dawn and Siegfried's Rhine Journey".
- Hagen's Watch (Act I)
- Hagen summons the vassals and the Wedding March (Act II)
- Brünnhilde's Immolation Scene (Act III) as a soprano solo with orchestra (Hagen's single line is omitted).
According to Albert Speer, the Berlin Philharmonic's last performance before their evacuation from Berlin at the end of World War II was of Brünnhilde's Immolation Scene at the end of the opera.[3]
Recordings
See also
- Der Ring des Nibelungen
- Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the text
- Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the music
References
- ^ The opera is sometimes called in English "Dusk of the Gods" or "Doom of the Gods". However, "Twilight of the Gods" correctly translates the German title. Dämmerung can also mean dawn as the term is used for both the rising and setting of the sun. Also, Götterdämmerung is itself a translation of ragnarökkr, "Twilight of the Gods," as it is sometimes written in the Prose-Edda. In the older Edda only ragnarök. "Fate of the Gods," is mentioned. It has been proposed that ragnarökkr was either a misconception on Snorri Sturluson's behalf or, more likely, poetic license as a play between the words rök, "fate, doom," and rökkr, "darkness, twilight."
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. The Occult Roots of Nazism. Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2004, ISBN 1-86064-973-4 p. 79.
- ^ Speer, Albert. "Inside the Third Reich.", page 463. The Macmillan Company. 1970
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Götterdämmerung |
- Richard Wagner – Götterdämmerung. A gallery of historic postcards with motifs from Richard Wagner's operas.
- Wagner Operas. A comprehensive website featuring photographs of productions, recordings, librettos, and sound files.
- Vocal score of Götterdämmerung
- Complete libretto in German
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