Galveston Bay

Galveston Bay
Galveston Bay. Orbital photo courtesy of NASA.
Location	Texas Gulf Coast
Coordinates	29°46′7″N 94°40′45″W / 29.76861°N 94.67917°W / 29.76861; -94.67917Coordinates: 29°46′7″N 94°40′45″W / 29.76861°N 94.67917°W / 29.76861; -94.67917
River sources	San Jacinto River, Trinity River
Ocean/sea sources	Gulf of Mexico
Countries	United States
Surface area	600 square miles (1,600 km2)
Settlements	Greater Houston

Galveston Bay is a large estuary located along the upper coast of Texas in the United States. It is connected to the Gulf of Mexico and is surrounded by sub-tropic marshes and prairies on the mainland.^[1] The water in the Bay is a complex mixture of sea water and fresh water which supports a wide variety of marine life.

The bay has been historically important during Texas' history. The island of Galveston was home to Texas' earliest major settlement and, during most of the 19th century, it was Texas' largest city. The island's port, on the bay side, became one of the top ports in the U.S. During the 20th century as the oil boom in Texas took hold the bay became even more important as a shipping center as Houston and Texas City developed into major port and industrial centers.

Today the bay is within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area, which is the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. and is home to major ports including the second-busiest port in the nation. It produces more seafood than any bay in the nation except the Chesapeake.^[2]

History

Anonymous portrait claimed to be of Jean Lafitte in the early 19th century, Rosenberg Library, Galveston, Texas

The Gulf Coast gained its present configuration during the last ice age. Approximately 30,000 years ago sea levels fell dramatically as water was incorported into vast ice sheets.^[3] The Trinity and San Jacinto rivers carved wide valleys into the soft sediments, especially along the modern coastline. Gradual melting of the ice sheets as the ice age ended filled the valleys with water creating the bay system approximately 4,500 years ago. Sea level rise reached a relative peak approximately 4,000 years ago giving the bay its present form.^[4]

Human settlement in what is now Texas began at least 10,000 years ago following migrations into the Americas from Asia during the last ice age.^[5] The first substantial settlements in the area are believed to have been the Karankawa and Atakapan tribes, who lived throughout the Gulf coast region.

Though several Spanish expeditions charted the Gulf Coast, it was explorer José Antonio de Evia who in 1785 gave the bay and the island the name Galvezton in honor of the Spanish Viceroy Bernardo de Gálvez.^[6] Louis Aury established a naval base at the harbor in 1816 to support the Mexican Revolution. His base was soon appropriated by the pirate Jean Lafitte who temporarily transformed Galveston Island and the bay into a pirate kingdom before being ousted by the United States Navy.^[7]

Following its independence from Spain the new nation of Mexico claimed Texas as part of its territory. Settlements were established around the bay, particularly Galveston and Anahuac, as well as Lynchburg and San Jacinto. Following growing unrest, Texas revolted and gained independence in 1835 at the Battle of San Jacinto, near the bay along the San Jacinto River. The new Republic of Texas grew rapidly and joined the United States in 1845. The bay would gain notoriety for war one last time during the naval combat of the Battle of Galveston, part of the Civil War which Texas ultimately lost.

The Beach Hotel, a famous 19th century Galveston resort.

Reconstruction was swift in southeast Texas. Ranching interests were major economic drivers on the mainland in the 19th century. The city of Galveston became a major U.S. commercial center for shipping cotton, leather products and cattle, and other goods produced in the growing state. Railroads were built around the shore and new communities continued to emerge.^[8] Commercial fishing developed as a substantial industry, particularly oysters, finfish, and later shrimp. By the end of the 19th century the inland city of Houston had begun to emerge as an important competitor to Galveston as dredging in the bay made it a viable port.

The Johnson Space Center in Clear Lake

The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 devastated the city of Galveston and heavily damaged communities around the bay.^[9] Growth moved inland to Houston as fear of the risks posed by establishing businesses at Galveston limited the island's ability to compete. Texas City emerged as another important port in the area. Shipping traffic through the bay expanded dramatically.

The Texas oil boom began in 1901 and by 1915 oil production by the bay was fully underway. Oil wells and refineries quickly developed throughout the area.^[10] Pollution on land and in the sea skyrocketted. Wealth emerged in the area as never before.

The establishment of NASA's Johnson Space Center near the bay in Clear Lake in 1963 brought new growth. By the 1970s Houston had become one the nation's largest cities and its expansion connected it with the bay communities. The bay's shoreline became heavily urbanized.^[11] The bay and the communities around it gradually emerged as major recreational destinations.

Hurricane Ike struck the bay in 2008 causing substantial damage both environmentally and economically, the most destructive event since 1900.^[12] As of 2009^[update] a proposal to build a levee system, the Ike Dike, to protect the bay is under discussion.^[13]

Features

The Galveston Bay system consists of four main subbays: Galveston Bay proper (upper and lower), Trinity Bay, East Bay, and West Bay.^[14] The Bay is fed by the Trinity River and the San Jacinto River, numerous local bayous and incoming tides from the Gulf of Mexico. Many smaller bays and lakes are connected to the main system such as Christmas Bay, Moses Lake, Dickinson Bay, Clear Lake, Ash Lake, Black Duck Bay, and San Jacinto Bay. The Bay covers approximately 600 square miles (1,500 km²), and is 30 miles (50 km) long and 17 miles (27 km) wide. Galveston Bay is on average 7–9 feet (3 m) deep.

The Bay has three inlets at the Gulf of Mexico: Bolivar Roads (the exit of the Houston Ship Channel) between Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula, San Luis Pass to the West, and Rollover Pass to the East. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, a navigable waterway consisting of natural islands and man-made canals along the Gulf Coast, runs between the Bay and the Gulf. It effectively marks the boundary between the two.

Ecosystem

This unique and complex mixing of waters from different sources provides nursery and spawning grounds formany types of marine life including crabs, shrimp, oysters, and many varieties of fish thereby supporting a substantial fishing industry.^[2] Additionally the system of bayous, rivers, and marshes that ring the Bay support their own ecosystems allowing for diverse wildlife and enabling freshwater farming of crawfish.^[15]

The wetlands that surround the Bay support a variety of fauna. Notable land-dwelling species include the American alligator and the bobcat, while notable bird species include the yellow rail, and purple gallinule, and the pelican.^[16]

Urban development

Houston skyline

Galveston Bay is located in the Greater Houston metropolitan area and itself is at the center of one of the most important shipping hubs in the world.^[17] The metro area is the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the United States with a population of 5.7 million as of the 2008 U.S. Census estimate.^[18] The population of the metropolitan area is centered in the city of Houston—the largest economic and cultural center of the American South with a population of 2.2 million.^[19] It is among the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the United States.^[20]

Four counties border the Bay: Brazoria, Chambers, Harris, and Galveston County. The largest city in this area is Houston, the nation's fourth-largest. Houston itself, though, began its life as an inland city and only due to its immense growth has it reached the shores of the Bay. The area's original metropolis was Galveston, which though now largely a quiet, tourist island, was once one of the most important ports in the nation.^[21] Other significant communities bordering the Bay include Texas City, Pasadena, Baytown, and Anahuac.

Important ports that serve the bay include the Port of Houston, the Port of Texas City, and the Port of Galveston. The Houston Ship Channel, which connects the Port of Houston to the Gulf, passes through the Bay. It is a partially man-made feature created by dredging the Buffalo Bayou, the ship channel subbays, and Galveston Bay.^[22]

The area has a broad industrial base including the energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, transportation, and health care sectors. Houston is second to only New York City in the number of Fortune 500 headquarters in the city limits.^[23] The bayside communities in particular are themselves the heart of both the nation's manned space program and the nation's petrochemical industry.^[24]

Climate

The climate around the Bay is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa in Köppen climate classification system).^[25] Prevailing winds from the south and southeast bring heat from the deserts of Mexico and moisture from the Gulf of Mexico.^[26]

Summer temperatures regularly exceed 90 °F (32 °C) and the area's humidity drives the heat index even higher.^[27] Winters in the area are temperate with typical January highs above 60 °F (16 °C) and lows are near 40 °F (4 °C). Snowfall is generally rare. Annual rainfall averages well over 40 inches (1,000 mm) a year with some areas typically receiving over 50 inches (1,300 mm).^[28]

Hurricanes are an ever-present threat during the fall season. Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula are generally at the greatest risk. However, though the island and the peninsula provide some shielding,^[29] the bay shoreline still faces significant danger from storm surge.^[30]

Pollution

The Bay receives the fourth highest level of toxic chemicals in the state from bayside industrial discharge, in addition to pollutants washing in from the Houston Ship Channel.^[31] Although contaminants from the major industrial complexes along the Bay contribute substantially to bay pollution, most is the result of storm run-off from various commercial, agricultural, and residential sources.^[32] In recent decades, conservation efforts have been enacted which have substantially improved water quality in the Bay.^[33] Though concerns have been raised about the safety of seafood obtained from the Bay the Texas Department of Health have stated that fish from the Bay is "safe for unlimited consumption."^[34]

Excessive ozone levels can occur due to of industrial activities; nearby Houston is ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.^[35] The industries located along the ship channel are a major cause of the pollution.^[36]

See also

• Galveston Bay Area
• Galveston Island
• Trinity Bay (Texas)

Notes

1. ^ Eubanks (2006), pg. 10-11
2. ^ ^{a b} "Social Marketing: A New Approach to Enhance Public Outreach and Education about Galveston Bay". Fall 2007. http://www.gbep.state.tx.us/news-events/socialmarketingnewsletter.asp. 
   "Galveston Bay is the second most productive estuary in the nation, producing more seafood than any other bay—trailing only Chesapeake Bay, which is over six times Galveston Bay’s size!"
3. ^ "Description of Project Area". Texas A&M University: Galveston Bay Information Center. http://gbic.tamug.edu/hcb/Project_Approach.htm. Retrieved 25 Sept 2009. 
4. ^ "Geography". Galveston Bay Estuary Program. http://www.gbep.state.tx.us/about-galveston-bay/geography.asp. Retrieved 25 Sept 2009. 
5. ^ Wade, Mary Dodson (2008). Texas History. Coughlan Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 0613191005. http://books.google.com/books?id=Mxp1hJoIeqoC. 
6. ^ Galveston Bay from the Handbook of Texas Online
7. ^ Chang (2006), pg. 187
   Kearney (2008), pg. 177
8. ^ Galveston Bay from the Handbook of Texas Online
   Galveston Bay from the Handbook of Texas Online
9. ^ "Weather Events: The 1900 Galveston Hurricane". The Weather Doctor. http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/events/1900hurr.htm. Retrieved 12 Sept 2009. 
10. ^ Galveston Bay from the Handbook of Texas Online
    Galveston Bay from the Handbook of Texas Online
11. ^ Ramos (2004), pg. 154
12. ^ TRESAUGUE, MATTHEW: The state of the bay, HOUSTON CHRONICLE, 22 Aug 2009
13. ^ Casselman, Ben (4 June 2009). "Planning the 'Ike Dike' Defense". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124407051124382899.html. 
    Triarsi, Allison (15 Jan 2009). "Could Galveston's proposed Ike Dike work?". KHOU. http://www.khou.com/news/local/stories/khou090114_mp_galvestons-ike-dike.3c40711.html. 
    "The Ike Dike: The Proposal to Prevent Severe Storm Destruction on the Texas Gulf Coast". Rice University: SSPEED - Severe Storm Prediction, Education, and Evacuation from Disasters. http://hydrology.rice.edu/sspeed/project_dike.html. Retrieved 12 Sept 2009. 
    Meyers, Rhiannon (14 Jan 2009). "Officials: Dikes, flood gates could protect area". Galveston County Daily News. http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?wcd=131570. 
14. ^ Melosi, Martin V.; Pratt, Joseph A. (2007). Energy metropolis: an environmental history of Houston and the Gulf Coast. Univ of Pittsburgh Press. p. 12. ISBN 0822943352. http://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C. 
15. ^ "Rural areas east of Houston become crawfish havens". News 8 Austin. http://www.news8austin.com/content/headlines/?ArID=73980&SecID=2. Retrieved 2009-09-05. 
16. ^ FWS (September 2008). "Anahuac Refuge". FWS.gov. http://www.fws.gov/southwest/refuges/texas/anahuac/index.html. Retrieved 2008-09-20. 
17. ^ Balaker, Ted; Staley, Sam (2008). The Road More Traveled: Why the Congestion Crisis Matters More Than You .... Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.. p. 126-127. ISBN 0742551121. http://books.google.com/books?id=l9oDMC2DLJ4C. 
    Henry, Thomas E (2008). Next Voyage Will Be Different!. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 11. http://books.google.com/books?id=5xtT_PknIXgC. 
18. ^ "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (CBSA-EST2008-01)" (CSV). 2008 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2009-03-19. http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2008/CBSA-EST2008-01.csv. Retrieved 2009-03-19. 
19. ^ http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-01.csv
20. ^ "Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area (CBSA) Population and Components of Change". http://recenter.tamu.edu/data/popm00/pcbsa26420.html. Retrieved 23 Sept 2008. 
21. ^ Edward Coyle Sealy. "Galveston Wharves". Handbook of Texas Online. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/GG/etg1.html. Retrieved 2009-09-13. 
22. ^ "The Houston Ship Channel A History". The Port of Houston Authority. http://www.betterbay.org/html/releases/HoustonShipChannelHistory.htm. Retrieved 9 September 2009. 
23. ^ "Fortune 500 2008: Cities". http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/cities/. Retrieved 2008-04-22. 
24. ^ "About Johnson Space Center Johnson Space Center". 8 Sept 2009. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/about/index.html About Johnson Space Center. 
    "CHAPTER TWO: GALVESTON BAY". Texas A&M University-Galveston: Galveston Bay Information Center (Galveston Bay Estuary Project). http://gbic.tamug.edu/gbeppubs/24/gbnep_24_09-10.pdf. Retrieved 8 Sept. 2009. "... it [Galveston Bay] is at the center of the state's petrochemical industry, with 30 percent of U. S. petroleum industry and nearly 50 percent of U. S. production of ethylene and propylene occuring on its shores." 
    Weisman (2008), pg. 166, "The industrial megaplex that begins on the east side of Houston and continues uninterrupted to the Gulf of Mexico, 50 miles away, is the largest concentration of petroleum refineries, petrochemical companies, and storage structures on Earth."
25. ^ "Weather Stats". Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather. Retrieved 2008-10-11. 
26. ^ "Weather Stats". Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather. Retrieved 2008-10-11. 
    Melosi (2007), pg. 13
27. ^ "Monthly Averages for League City, TX (77573)". The Weather Channel. http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/golf/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573?from=tenDay_bottomnav_undeclared. Retrieved 14 Dec 2006. 
    "National Climatic Data Center]". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. 2004-06-23. http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/max90temp.html. Retrieved 2006-12-14. 
    "Average Relative Humidity]". Department of Meteorology at the University of Utah. http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/rh.html. Retrieved 2006-12-14. 
28. ^ "Monthly Averages for League City, TX (77573)". The Weather Channel web site. http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573. Retrieved 8 Sept 2009. 
    "Monthly Averages for Pasadena, TX (77573) publisher=The Weather Channel web site". http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77506. Retrieved 8 Sept 2009. 
29. ^ "Wide Ike and shallow coast mean strong surge". MSNBC. 12 Sept 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26676728/. "Houston is buffered by Galveston Island — which sits in the way of the surge — and the bay system" 
    Spinner, Kate (31 May 2009). "Hurricane forecasters zero in on threat of surge". Sarasota Herald Tribune. http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20090531/article/905311057?Title=Hurricane-forecasters-zero-in-on-threat-of-surge. "Just north of Galveston Island, the Bolivar Peninsula shields Galveston Bay much like Lido Key and Longboat Key shield Sarasota Bay." 
30. ^ Berger, Eric (09 Sept 2008). "Would a category 3 hurricane surge flood your home?". Houston Chronicle Blogs. http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2008/09/post_39.html. 
31. ^ Savitz, Jacqueline D.; Campbell, Christopher; Wiles, Richard; Hartmann, Carolyn: Dishonorable Discharge: Toxic Pollution of Texas Waters, Environmental Working Group, page 12
32. ^ Environmental News: Galveston Bay , Citizen's Environmental Coalition, retrieved 6 Sept. 2009
    Contaminated storm water runoff, or nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, remains the top water quality problem facing Galveston Bay. NPS pollution is transported to our waterways via rainfall runoff from diffuse, landbased sources such as businesses, industries, farms, roads, parking lots, septic tanks, marinas, and residential yards.
33. ^ Cairns (1990), pg. 215-216
34. ^ Antrobus (2005), pg. 176
35. ^ "State of the Air 2005, National and Regional Analysis". American Lung Association. 2005-03-25. http://lungaction.org/reports/sota05_analysis4.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17. 
36. ^ "Summary of the Issues". Citizens League for Environmental Action Now. 2004-08-01. http://www.cleanhouston.org/air/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-02-17. 

References

• Antrobus, Sally (2005). Galveston Bay. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1585444618. http://books.google.com/books?q=galveston+bay. 
• Cairns, William J.; Rogers, Patrick M. (1990). Onshore impacts of offshore oil. Taylor & Francis, Inc.. ISBN 9780853349747. http://books.google.com/books?id=Xkmu6ZgnVxQC. 
• Eubanks, Ted; Behrstock, Robert A.; Weeks, Ron J. (2006). Birdlife of Houston, Galveston, and the Upper Texas coast. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 158544510X. http://books.google.com/books?id=3HvKbY3GbqgC. 
• Ramos, Mary G.; Reavis, Dick J. (2004). Texas. Random House. ISBN 0676905021. http://books.google.com/books?id=EgCE8AHvYUQC. 

External links

• Galveston Bay from the Handbook of Texas Online
• See an 1853 map Preliminary chart of San Luis Pass, Texas / from a trigonometrical survey under the direction of A.D. Bache ; triangulation by James S. Williams ; topography by J.M. Wampler ; hydrography by the party under the command of H.S. Stellwagen ; engg. by E. Yeager & J.J. Knight ; redd. drng. by E. Freyhold., hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
• Galveston Island State Park
• Galveston Bay Status and Trends

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