Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov (Russian: Генна́дий Андре́евич Зюга́нов; born 26 June 1944) is a Russian politician, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (since 1993), Chairman of the Union of Communist Parties - Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP-CPSU) (since 2001), deputy of the State Duma (since 1993), and a member of Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (since 1996).
Early life
Zyuganov was born in Mymrino, a farming village in Oryol Oblast, south of Moscow. The son and grandson of schoolteachers, he followed in their footsteps: after graduating from a secondary school, his first job was working there for one year as a physics teacher in 1961.
In 1962, he enrolled into the Department of Physics and Mathematics of Oryol Pedagogical Institute. From 1963 to 1966, he served in a Radiation, Chemical, and Biological Intelligence unit of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. Zyuganov joined the Communist Party in 1966.
He returned to the teachers' college in 1966. Three years older than most members of the sophomore class, he was already a party member; a position of prestige, and a popular college athlete. On his return, he also married his wife, Nadezhda. He completed his degree in 1969.
Party work
Zyuganov taught mathematics but soon turned to party work in Oryol Oblast, beginning in 1967. He became the First Secretary of the local Komsomol and the regional chief for ideology and propaganda. He emerged as a popular politician in the area. Among many other functions, Zyuganov organized parties and dances as a local Komsomol leader while he was rising through the ranks of the vast network of party apparatchiks. Zyuganov rose to be second secretary, or second in command, of the party in Oryol.
He enrolled at an elite party school in Moscow, the Academy of Social Sciences in 1978, completing his doctor nauk, a post-doctoral degree, in 1980. He then returned to Oryol to become regional party chief for ideology and propaganda until 1983. In 1983, he was given a high-level position in Moscow as an instructor in the Communist Party propaganda department.
Zyuganov emerged as a leading critic of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost in the party's Agitation and Propaganda division (later the Ideological division), a hotbed of opposition to reform. As the party began to crumble in the late 1980s, Zyuganov took the side of hard-liners against reforms that would ultimately culminate in the end of CPSU rule and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In May 1991, he published a fiercely critical piece on Alexander Yakovlev.
Head of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation
Zyuganov wrote several influential papers in the early 1990s attacking Yeltsin and calling for a return to the socialism of the pre-Gorbachev days. In July 1991, he signed the A Word to the People declaration. As the Communist Party of the Soviet Union fell into disarray, Zyuganov helped form the new Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), and became one of seven secretaries of the new group's Central Committee and in 1993 its chairman. Outside observers were surprised by the survival of Zyuganov's Communist Party into the post-Soviet era.
Quickly emerging as post-communist Russia's leading opposition leader, Zyuganov stressed the overall decline in living standards corresponding with the dismantlement of Soviet socialism. Economic power was left concentrated in the hands of a tiny share of the population, violent crime increased, and ethnic groups throughout Russia embarked on campaigns, sometimes violent, to win autonomy. Thus, many in Russia longed for a return to the days of socialism, when a strong central government guaranteed personal and economic security. Russians left behind in the new capitalist Russia emerged as Zyuganov's supporters: workers, clerks, bureaucrats, some professionals, and, above all others, the elderly. As Zyuganov succeeded in combining Communist ideas with Russian nationalism, his Communist Party of the Russian Federation joined hands with numerous other left-wing and right-wing nationalist forces, forming a common 'national-patriotic alliance.'
In the 1993 and 1995 parliamentary elections, the newly revitalized Communist Party of the Russian Federation made a strong showing, and its leader, Gennady Zyuganov, emerged as a serious challenger to President Boris Yeltsin.
1996 Russian presidential campaign
Zyuganov entered the 1996 presidential election, as the standard-bearer of the Russian Communist Party. Co-opting Russian nationalism, he attacked the infiltration of Western ideals into Russian society and portrayed Russia as a great nation that had been dismantled from within by traitors in cahoots with Western capitalists who sought the dissolution of Soviet power in order to exploit Russia's boundless resources.
In the election on June 16, Zyuganov finished second with 32%, trailing only Yeltsin, who captured 35%. Zyuganov prepared for the July 3 runoff election with confidence. He ran a campaign focusing on the president's ill health and pledged to return Russia to its Soviet days of glory. Yeltsin, however, relentlessly exploited his advantages of incumbency, patronage, and financial backing; thus, Yeltsin gained most from the elimination of the many smaller parties and the support of Alexander Lebed and eventually won the two-man showdown by 53.8% against 40.3%.
He, alongside Nikolai Ryzhkov, was considered to be the formal leaders of the People's Patriotic Union of Russia.
Post-1996
Political observers suggested that Zyuganov was still a force to be reckoned with in Russian politics and that his next task would be to remake the communists into a strong opposition. But after the December 1999 parliamentary elections, the number of Communist seats in the Duma was reduced. Communist support started to ebb, given the widespread electoral support at the time for the government's invasion of Chechnya in September 1999 and the popularity of Yeltsin's new prime minister, Vladimir Putin, who was widely seen as the ailing Yeltsin's heir apparent. Moreover, Communist support suffered as the extremely unpopular Yeltsin fell out of public life.
Thus, no one was surprised when Zyuganov placed a distant second behind Vladimir Putin in the March 2000 presidential election. In 2004, Zyuganov did not even bother to run against Putin, who secured a landslide reelection victory.
Zyuganov has also been Chairman of the Union of Communist Parties - Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP-CPSU) since 2001, replacing Oleg Shenin.
In October 2005, Zyuganov indicated that he would run for president in 2008, the second person to enter the race for the Kremlin following former Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov. According to one report, Zyuganov pledged to quadruple pensions and state salaries, should he get elected.[1]
2008 Russian presidential campaign
In January 2008, Zyuganov challenged Dmitry Medvedev, Putin's chosen successor, to an open, televised debate,[2] but Medvedev refused to take part, citing lack of time.[3][dead link]
In the presidential election on March 2, 2008, Zyuganov garnered 17.76% of the vote and came in second to Medvedev's 70.23%.[4]
Post-2008
On the occasion of Zyuganov's 65th birthday in June 2009, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin presented him with a copy of the first Soviet edition of the Communist Manifesto, making Zyuganov very emotional.[5] On the occasion of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's birthday on 21 December 2010, Zyuganov called for the "re-Stalinisation" of Russian society in an open letter to President Medvedev.[6]
After Putin's annual address to parliament on 20 April 2011, Zyuganov criticised it as inadequate in dealing with Russia's economic decline and warned that "If the [parliamentary and presidential] elections are as dirty as before, the situation will develop along the North African scenario."[7][dead link] Zyuganov denounced election irregularities in the Russian legislative election of 2011 but also expressed his opposition to the organizers of the mass demonstrations of December, 2011 who he views as ultra liberals who are exploiting unrest. The party played only a minor role in the protests, with one of its speakers, who called for restoration of Soviet power, being booed off the stage. Party rallies on December 18, 2011 in protest of election irregularities in Moscow and St. Petersberg were attended by only a few thousand, mostly elderly, party supporters. According to The New York Times it is questionable that Zyuganov due to his age and association with Soviet policies will be able to capitalize on the opportunity presented by popular disgust with the Putin regime and mobilize mass popular support of his party.[8][dead link]
2012 Russian presidential campaign
In September 2011, Zyuganov again became the CPRF's candidate for the 2012 presidential election. According to Zyuganov, "a gang of folks who cannot do anything in life apart from dollars, profits and mumbling, has humiliated the country" and called for a new international alliance to "counter the aggressive policies of imperialist circles."[9]
See also
References
- ^ "Communists leader to run for president". Russia Today. 2008-12-15. http://russiatoday.ru/election/news/18530. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
- ^ Minenko, Sergey (2008-01-18). "Лидер КПРФ вызвал Дмитрия Медведева на теледебаты" (in Russian). Argumenty i Fakty. Archived from the original on 2008-01-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20080120105348/http://www.aif.ru/politics/article_prmid_dta133965.html. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
- ^ Krainova, Natalya; Francesca Mereu (2008-01-30). "TV Debates Decided Without Medvedev". The Moscow Times. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2008/01/30/012.html. Retrieved 2008-01-03. [dead link]
- ^ "Medvedev 'to continue Putin work'". BBC News. 2008-03-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7274001.stm. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
- ^ "Putin gives Communist leader surprise birthday gift", AFP, 29 June 2009.
- ^ "Communists lay carnations for Stalin". AFP. 2010-12-22. http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/communists-lay-carnations-for-stalin/story-e6frfku0-1225974765203. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
- ^ "Putin plan disastrous, opponents say". AFP. 2011-04-21. http://www.nationalpost.com/todays-paper/Putin+plan+disastrous+opponents/4652279/story.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26. [dead link]
- ^ David M. Herszenhorn (December 20, 2011). "Where Communists See an Opening, Many Russians See a Closed Door". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/21/world/europe/communists-solidify-opposition-role-in-russia.html. Retrieved December 22, 2011. "He, [Gennadi A. Zyuganov], has joined in popular protests against Mr. Putin’s government, while seeking to block the rise of the liberal reformers leading those rallies by denouncing them as a subversive threat to Russia’s future." [dead link]
- ^ "Communists pledge to stop ‘dollar-lovers’ experiment on Russia’". RT. 2011-09-24. http://rt.com/politics/russia-communists-congress-zyuganov-589-307/. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
External links
| Persondata |
| Name |
Zyuganov, Gennady |
| Alternative names |
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| Short description |
Soviet politician |
| Date of birth |
26 June 1944 |
| Place of birth |
Mymrino, Oryol Oblast, Soviet Union |
| Date of death |
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| Place of death |
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