Georgia Douglas Johnson

Johnson, Georgia Douglas (1880–1966), poet of the Harlem Renaissance. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Georgia Douglas Johnson made her way to Washington, D.C., where she lived for over fifty years at 1461 S Street NW, site of one of the greatest literary salons of the Harlem Renaissance. Johnson was the most famous woman poet of that literary movement, publishing four volumes of poetry: The Heart of a Woman (1918), Bronze (1922), An Autumn Love Cycle (1928), and Share My World (1962).

Johnson's life illustrates the difficulties faced by African American women writers in the first half of the century. A graduate of Atlanta University (1896), where she met her husband, Henry Lincoln Johnson, Georgia Douglas Johnson did not publish her first poem until 1916, when she was thirty-six, and she remained geographically removed from the major literary circles of her day, which were in Harlem, due to her marriage to a Washington lawyer and civil employee. Her husband, moreover, expected her to look after the home and assume primary responsibility for the upbringing of two sons. When he died in 1925, Georgia Douglas Johnson was forty-five years old with two teenagers to support. Holding a series of temporary jobs between 1924 and 1934 as a substitute public school teacher and a file clerk for the Civil Service, she ultimately found a position with the Commissioner of Immigration for the Department of Labor, where hours were long and pay low. Johnson had to create her own supportive environment by establishing the Saturday night open houses that she hosted weekly soon after her husband's death and that included Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Anne Spencer, Alain Locke, Jessie Redmon Fauset, and others. Although it was hard for her to write, she was able to follow through on her successes with her first two volumes of poetry by completing a third volume in 1928 that is arguably her best. An Autumn Love Cycle confirmed Johnson as the first African American woman poet to garner national attention since Frances Ellen Watkins Harper. Johnson traveled extensively in the late 1920s, giving lectures and readings, meeting Carl Sandburg in Chicago and Charles Waddell Chesnutt in Cleveland while receiving awards from various organizations, including her alma mater, Atlanta University. She was able to send her sons to Howard University, where they studied law and medicine, while maintaining a demanding work and travel schedule.

Through the pioneering work of Gloria Hull, we now know that Johnson wrote a substantial number of plays during the 1920s, including Plumes, which won first prize in a contest run by Opportunity in 1927, and Blue Blood, performed by the Krigwa Players in New York City during the fall of 1926 and published the following year. Twenty-eight dramas are listed in the “Catalogue of Writings” that Johnson compiled in 1962–1963, but only a handful have been recovered. She also listed a book-length manuscript about her literary salon, a collection of short stories, and a novel, which were lost as well. Of thirty-one short stories listed in her catalog, only three have been located, under the pseudonym of Paul Tremaine (two of these were published in Dorothy West's journal Challenge in 1936 and 1937). Probably much of this material was thrown away by workers clearing out Johnson's house when she died in 1966.

Georgia Douglas Johnson's prolific writing career also included a weekly newspaper column, “Homely Philosophy,” that was syndicated by twenty publications from 1926 to 1932; a collaboration with composer Lillian Evanti in the late 1940s that made use of Johnson's earlier music training at Oberlin Conservatory and the Cleveland College of Music; and an international correspondence club that she organized and ran from 1930 to 1965. Her writing was seriously curtailed by the loss of her Department of Labor job in 1934. She then sought any work she could get, including temporary jobs in a clerical pool, while vainly applying for arts fellowships. As late as the 1960s, Johnson was still applying for fellowships that never materialized. Able to survive by living with her lawyer son, Henry Lincoln, Jr., and his wife, Johnson never lost her enthusiasm for the arts nor her generosity to needy artists who came her way. She called her home “Half-Way House” to represent her willingness to provide shelter to those in need, including, at one point, Zora Neale Hurston. The rose-covered walk at 1461 S Street, created by Johnson fifty years ago, still stands in testimony to the many African American artists she welcomed and to the love poetry for which she is best known. Struggling without the material support that would have helped bring more of her work to light and battling racist stereotypes that fed lynch mobs and race riots in the formative years of her life, Georgia Douglas Johnson left a legacy of indomitable pride and creative courage that has only begun to be understood.

Bibliography

• !Erlene Stetson, ed., Black Sister; Poetry by Black American Women, 1746–1980, 1981.
• Gloria T. Hull, Color, Sex, and Poetry: Three Women Writers of the Harlem Renaissance, 1987.
• Ann Allen Shockley, ed., Afro-American Women Writers, 1746–1933, 1988.
• Maureen Honey, ed., Shadowed Dreams: Women's Poetry of the Harlem Renaissance, 1989.
• Elizabeth Brown-Guillory, ed., Wines in the Wilderness: Plays by African American Women from the Harlem Renaissance to the Present, 1990.
• Lorraine Elena Roses and Ruth Elizabeth Randolph, eds., Harlem, Renaissance and Beyond: Literary Biographies of 100 Black Women Writers, 1900–1945, 1990

Maureen Honey

poet; playwright; columnist; writer; teacher; school principal; federal official

Personal Information

Born Georgia Blanche Douglas Camp on September 10, 1880, in Atlanta, GA; died on May 14, 1966, in Washington, DC; married Henry Lincoln Johnson in 1903 (died September 10, 1925); children: Henry Lincoln, Jr., Peter Douglas.
Education: Atlanta University Normal School, 1893; attended Oberlin Conservatory of Music, 1902; attended Cleveland College of Music; attended Howard University.
Politics: Republican.
Memberships: American Society of African Culture; DC Matrons; DC Women's Party; League for the Abolition of Capital Punishment; League of American Writers; League of Neighbors; National Song Writers Guild; New York City Civic Club; Poet Laureate League; Poet's Council of the National Women's Party; Poets League of Washington; Washington Social Letter Club; Writers' League Against Lynching.

Career

Teacher and assistant principal, 1893-1903; poet, playwright, columnist, short-story writer, 1916-62; U.S. Department of Labor, Commissioner of Conciliation, 1925-35.

Life's Work

Georgia Douglas Johnson was the first modern African-American female poet to gain widespread recognition. As part of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, Johnson gave a voice to black women through her passionate poems. Although she was criticized for not addressing racial issues in her poetry, Johnson tackled these serious issues in her plays and short stories. Johnson is the most prolific and varied black woman writer of her time. She wrote hundreds of poems and dozens of plays, short stories, newspaper articles, and songs.

Started Career as a Composer

Georgia Blanche Douglas Camp was born on September 10 in Atlanta, Georgia. Her birth year has been reported as early as 1877 or as late as 1886, but it was most likely 1880. Her mother was Laura Jackson Camp and her father was George Camp. Johnson was of mixed ancestry including black and Native American on her mother's side and black and possibly white on her father's side. Not much is known of her father except that his family descended from England. Johnson grew up in Rome, Georgia, where she attended public schools. She did not have any siblings and was not very social in school. Her writings reflected a lonely childhood.

Johnson attended Atlanta University Normal School and graduated in 1893. She briefly worked as a teacher and as an assistant principal in Atlanta and Marietta, Georgia. Johnson was very interested in music as a child and she taught herself to play the violin. She then attended the Oberlin Conservatory of Music in Ohio in 1902 and later went to the Cleveland College of Music. At these institutions Johnson was trained in music, harmony, violin, piano, and voice. As a young woman Johnson was interested in musical composition, but she soon turned to lyrical poetry instead. "Long years ago when the world was new for me, I dreamed of being a composer--wrote songs, many of them," Johnson was quoted in Gloria T. Hull's book Color, Sex, and Poetry.

In 1903 Johnson married Henry Lincoln Johnson, who was an attorney and prominent member of the Republican Party. Her husband was born to ex-slaves in 1870. He earned a bachelor's degree from Atlanta University in 1888 and a law degree from the University of Michigan in 1892. The couple had two sons together. Henry Lincoln Johnson, Jr. was born in 1906 and Peter Douglas Johnson was born in 1907. In 1910 the young family moved to Washington, D.C. At some point Johnson took classes at Howard University, but it is not known what she studied or for how long. Henry Johnson was appointed to the position of recorder of deeds by President William Howard Taft in 1912. This was a government position that was traditionally held by black men since Frederick Douglass. Johnson was reappointed by President Wilson in 1916 but his second appointment was not confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Johnson served as the Republican National Committeeman from Georgia from 1920 until his death in 1925.

Contributed to the Harlem Renaissance

During the 1920s the Harlem Renaissance was in full swing as African Americans were making significant contributions to American literature. The period between World War I and the Depression saw the emergence of many prominent black writers. "The peculiar blend of romanticism, hedonism, anger, and faith in the capacity of art to effect change makes the twenties as a special time, one that has lessons for us today about the nature of racism and the Black artist's relationship to political change. For Black women, especially, this was a time of expansion, renewal, and promise ...," explained Maureen Honey in Shadowed Dreams. The literary movement was not confined to New York and Johnson quickly asserted herself as one of the leading black female poets of that era. She even opened her home in Washington, D.C., as a salon for writers to gather to read and discuss their works. The Saturday Nighters' Club attracted many prominent African-American writers including Jean Toomer, Langston Hughes, Angelina Grimke, Alice Dunbar-Nelson, Zora Neale Hurston, and Marita Bonner.

In 1916 Johnson published her first three poems called "Gossamer," "Fame," and "My Little One" in Crisis magazine. This was the beginning of a prolific writing career that would span 50 years. In 1918 Johnson published her first book of poetry called The Heart of a Woman. The book consisted of lyrical poetry and addressed the difficulties and frustrations faced by women. The poems were full of emotions and the prominent themes were nature, love, desire, sorrow, death, memory, aging, solitude, and joy. While some critics have called this book stereotypically sentimental, others have recognized it as a deeply autobiographical work with feminist awareness. Johnson's style of writing reflected her musical inspirations. "Into my poems I poured the longing for music," Johnson was quoted as saying by Claire Buck in the Bloomsbury Guide to Women's Literature.

Johnson's first book was also criticized by the African-American community for not explicitly addressing racial issues. "Rejected by white women and ignored by black men, Afro-American women were not permitted to comfortably support both causes," explained Lorraine Elena Roses and Ruth Elizabeth Randolph in Harlem Renaissance and Beyond. Johnson responded directly to this criticism with her next book of poetry called Bronze, which was published in 1922. In these poems Johnson wrote about interracial relationships and the difficulties of mothering in a racist world. Although she was not necessarily comfortable writing poems about race, her efforts were applauded by the African-American community. In the introduction to Bronze, W.E. B. Du Bois wrote, "those who know what it means to be a colored woman in 1922--and know it not so much in fact as in feeling, apprehension, unrest and delicate yet stern thought--must read Georgia Douglas Johnson's Bronze. " Later critics have cited Bronze as Johnson's weakest book of poetry and Gloria T. Hull referred to it as "obligatory racial poetry" in her book Color, Sex, and Poetry.

Balanced Family and Career

Johnson was probably the most prolific black woman writer of her time. Although many of her works were not published or preserved, she is credited with writing over 200 poems, 40 plays, and 30 songs, and editing 100 books between 1918 and 1930. This volume of work is even more impressive given the demands of being a wife and a mother as well as an author. Henry Johnson wanted his wife to be a traditional mother and homemaker and he was frustrated when her writing interfered with these duties. Nonetheless, he continued to support Johnson financially while she wrote and he even quoted her poems in some of his political speeches. Johnson's financial situation changed dramatically when her husband died of a cerebral hemorrhage on September 10, 1925. At the age of 45 Johnson was left to support her sons' educations on her own. She succeeded in not only paying for college for both boys, but also supporting Henry's law degree and Peter's medical degree.

In 1925 Johnson was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge as commissioner of conciliation for the Department of Labor. She continued to write despite her additional responsibilities. In 1926 Johnson wrote her first play called Blue Blood about the rape of black women by white men in the South after the Civil War. The play earned an honorable mention from Opportunity magazine's play contest. A year later Johnson won first place in the same competition with her folk tragedy called Plumes. In 1928 Johnson published her third book of poetry called An Autumn Love Cycle, where she returned to writing about themes with which she was comfortable, namely a woman in love. This book is considered her best volume of poetry. From 1926 until 1932 Johnson also wrote a weekly newspaper column called "Homely Philosophy" that was syndicated in 20 newspapers across the country.

The Great Depression was difficult for Johnson, as it was for many Harlem Renaissance writers. In 1934 she lost her job at the department of labor and she supported herself with temporary work as a substitute teacher, librarian, and file clerk. She also continually applied for fellowships to support her writing. In 1934 Johnson won third prize in a poetry contest sponsored by the D.C. Federation of Women's Clubs. She also continued to write plays, although only five of her plays were ever published and only three were ever produced. Johnson submitted several plays to President Franklin Roosevelt's Federal Theater Project. Two of these plays were historical skits of slaves searching for freedom and three of them were drama about rape and lynching. All of her submissions were rejected because of the politically-charged themes. Johnson is known as a significant contributor to the genre of "lynching plays." During the 1920s and 1930s, hundreds of African Americans were lynched annually and Johnson was compelled to speak out against the practice. Most of these plays were not published, however, because the content was considered depressing. Johnson wrote other plays that focused on the lives of average African Americans or that discussed racial intolerance.

Johnson remained an active writer until her death, although she published little in her later years of life. During World War II she read her poetry over the radio. She also began writing short stories. Johnson used many pseudonyms throughout her career so it is difficult for literary critics to account for all of her works. However, three of her short stories were written under the pseudonym "Paul Tremaine." In her later years Johnson also returned to her first passion of song writing. Johnson's last book of poetry, Share My World, was published in 1962 when she was 82 years old. Three years later she received an honorary doctorate from Atlanta University for her great contributions to American literature. Johnson died of a stroke on May 14, 1966 in Washington, D.C.

Awards

Honorable mention for Blue Blood, Opportunity magazine poetry contest, 1926; First place for Plumes, Opportunity magazine poetry contest, 1927; Third prize, poetry contest, D.C. Federation of Women's Clubs; honorary doctorate, Atlanta University, 1965.

Works

Selected writings

• The Heart of a Woman, The Cornhill Company, Boston, MA, 1918.
• Bronze, B.J. Brimmer Company, Boston, MA, 1922.
• An Autumn Love Cycle, Harold Vinal, Ltd., New York, 1928.
• Share My World, Washington, D.C., 1962.
• The Selected Works of Georgia Douglas Johnson, Prentice Hall International, New York, 1997.

• A Sunday Morning in the South: A One Act Play, Washington, 1924.
• Blue Blood, Appleton Publishing, New York, 1927.
• Plumes: Folk Tragedy, French, New York, 1927.
• Attucks, (never produced) 1930s.
• Frederick Douglass, (never produced) 1930s.
• The Starting Point, (never produced) 1930s.
• William and Ellen Craft, (never produced) 1930s.

Further Reading

Books

• Arata, Esther Spring, and Nicholas John Rotoli, Black American Playwrights, 1800 to the Present, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1976.
• Blain, Virginia, Patricia Clements, and Isobel Grundy, The Feminist Companion to Literature in English, Yale University Press, 1990.
• Brown-Guillory, Elizabeth (ed.), Wines in the Wilderness: Plays by African-American Women from the Harlem Renaissance to the Present, Greenwood Press, 1990.
• Buck, Claire, The Bloomsbury Guide to Women's Literature, Prentice Hall General Reference, 1992.
• Davidson, Cathy N., and Linda Wagner-Martin (eds.), The Oxford Companion to Women's Writing in the United States, Oxford University Press, 1995.
• Estell, Kenneth (ed.), The African-American Almanac, Gale Research, Inc., 1994.
• Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.), Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, Carlson Publishing, Inc., 1993.
• Honey, Maureen, Shadowed Dreams: Women's Poetry of the Harlem Renaissance, Rutgers University Press, 1989.
• Hull, Gloria T., Color, Sex, and Poetry: Three Women Writers of the Harlem Renaissance, Indiana University Press, 1987.
• Knox, Marcy (ed.), The Sleeper Wakes: Harlem Renaissance Stories by Women, Rutgers University Press, 1993.
• Krasner, David, A Beautiful Pageant: African American Theatre, Drama, and Performance in the Harlem Renaissance, 1910-1927, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
• Mainiero, Lina, American Women Writers, Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 2000.
• Perkins, Kathy A., Black Female Playwrights: An Anthology of Plays before 1950, Indiana University Press, 1989.
• Ploski, Harry A., and James Williams (eds.), The Negro Almanac: A Reference Work on the Afro-American, John Wiley and Sons, 1983.
• Roses, Lorraine Elena, and Ruth Elizabeth Randolph, Harlem Renaissance and Beyond, G.K. Hall and Company, 1990.
• Smith, Jessie Carnie (ed.), Notable Black American Women, Book 1, Gale Research, 1992.
• Valade III, Roger M., The Schomburg Center Guide to Black Literature from the Eighteenth Century to the Present, Gale Research, 1996.
• Wheatley, Christopher, Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, The Gale Group, 2000.

• African American Review, Fall 1999, p. 519.
• CLA Journal, June 1990, pp. 349-366; June 1995, pp. 404-419; December 2001, pp. 231-242.
• Essence, November 2000; December 2000.
• MELUS, Winter 2001, pp. 25-39.

• "Contemporary Reviews of Georgia Douglas Johnson," Modern American Poetry, www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/douglas_johnson/reviews.htm (July 11, 2003).
• "Georgia Douglas (Camp) Johnson," Contemporary Authors Online, reproduced in Biography Resource Center, www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC (July 11, 2003).
• "Georgia Douglas Johnson," Black Renaissance in Washington, DC, www.dclibrary/org (July 11, 2003).
• "Georgia Douglas Johnson," Women of Color Women of Word, www.scils.rutgers.edu/cybers/johnson2.html (July 14, 2003).
• "Georgia Douglas Johnson: Selected Articles Index in the MLA International Bibliography Database," Fisher News, www.fishernews.org/articles/gjohnson.htm (July 11, 2003).
• "Georgia Douglas Johnson's Life and Career," Modern American Poetry, www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/douglas_johnson/life.htm (July 11, 2003).
• "Harlem Renaissance women: African American Women Dreaming in Color," Women's History, womenshistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa022900a.htm (July 14, 2003).
• "On Georgia Douglas Johnson's Poetry," Modern American Poetry, www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/douglas_johnson/poetry.htm (July 11, 2003).
• "Poet, Georgia Douglas Johnson," The African American Registry, www.aaregistry.com (July 11, 2003).

— Janet P. Stamatel