Dictionary:
glan·ders (glăn'dərz) 
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[Middle English glaundres, from Old French glandres, glandular swelling, pl. of glandre, gland. See gland1.]
glanderous glan'der·ous adj.| 5min Related Video: glanders |
| Sci-Tech Encyclopedia: Glanders |
A contagious zoonosis affecting primarily horses, mules, and donkeys and caused by the bacterium Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei. Glanders (farcy) was once common throughout the world but is now found only in parts of Africa, Russia, and Asia. Burkholderia mallei is a gram-negative, non-acid-fast, nonsporulating, nonmotile, unencapsulated bacillus occasionally showing bipolar staining; it is obligately aerobic and oxidase-positive. Burkholderia mallei is highly infectious for humans, who may acquire it by handling or treating glanderous animals or during laboratory investigations. See also Zoonoses.
Glanders is usually contracted by ingestion of contaminated food or water, by contact, and by inhalation of infectious droplets. All equids are highly susceptible. The disease is usually acute and often fatal in donkeys and mules, and chronic in horses, some of which may ultimately recover but continue to carry B. mallei. It is characterized by formation of nodules and ulcerations of the skin and respiratory membranes and by granulomatous nodules in the lungs, lymphatic channels, and lymph nodes.
Although B. mallei is sensitive to sulfonamides and tetracyclines, affected horses are not usually treated since destruction of cases has been found to be extremely effective in control and eradication. Essential components of diagnosis include clinical examinations at frequent intervals to detect the cutaneous and nasal forms; immunological tests to detect serum antibody; and skin and intradermopalpebral (within the skin of the eyelid) injection of mallein, a glycoprotein of B. mallei, to detect hypersensitivity. See also Agglutination reaction; Complement-fixation test; Hypersensitivity.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: glanders |
| Veterinary Dictionary: glanders |
A contagious disease of all solipeds caused by Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei and transmissible to humans. It occurs in a chronic or acute form, both of which are inexorably fatal. It is characterized by the development of ulcers or nodules on the skin and in the respiratory tract. In the acute form the critical lesion is bronchopneumonia. See also farcy.
| Wikipedia: Glanders |
| Glanders | |
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | A24.0 |
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| ICD-9 | 024 |
| DiseasesDB | 5222 |
| eMedicine | emerg/884 |
| MeSH | [1] |
Glanders (from Middle English glaundres or Old French glandres, both meaning glands)[1] (Latin: Malleus German: Rotz) (also known as "Equinia," "Farcy," and "Malleus"[2]:282) is an infectious disease that occurs primarily in horses, mules, and donkeys. It can be contracted by other animals such as dogs, cats and goats. It is caused by infection with the bacterium Burkholderia mallei, usually by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Symptoms of glanders include the formation of nodular lesions in the lungs and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract. The acute form results in coughing, fever and the release of an infectious nasal discharge, followed by septicaemia and death within days. In the chronic form, nasal and subcutaneous nodules develop, eventually ulcerating. Death can occur within months, while survivors act as carriers.
Glanders is endemic in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Central and South America. It has been eradicated from North America, Australia and most of Europe through surveillance and destruction of affected animals, and import restrictions.
Burkholderia mallei is able to infect humans and is therefore classed as a zoonotic agent. Transmission occurs by direct contact with infected animals and entry is through skin abrasions, nasal and oral mucosal surfaces, or by inhalation.
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Due to the high mortality rate in humans and the small number of organisms required to establish infection, Burkholderia mallei is regarded as a potential biological warfare (BW) or bioterrorism agent, as is the closely related organism, Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. During World War I, Glanders was believed to have been spread deliberately by German agents to infect large numbers of Russian horses and mules on the Eastern Front.[3] This had an effect on troop and supply convoys as well as on artillery movement, which were dependent on horses and mules. Human cases in Russia increased with the infections during and after WWI. The Japanese deliberately infected horses, civilians, and prisoners of war with B. mallei at the Pinfang (China) Institute during World War II.
The U.S. studied this agent as a possible BW weapon in 1943–44 but did not weaponize it. U.S. interest in Glanders (Agent LA) continued through the 1950s, except it had an inexplicable tendency to lose virulence in the lab, making it difficult to weaponize. The Soviet Union is also believed to have been interested in B. mallei as a potential BW agent after World War II.
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 | Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Sci-Tech Encyclopedia. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/. Read more |
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| Veterinary Dictionary. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Glanders". Read more |
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