Grand Portage National Monument

Grand Portage National Monument
IUCN Category III (Natural Monument)
Location	Cook County, Minnesota, USA
Nearest city	Duluth, MNNearest city: Duluth, MN
Coordinates	47°57′44″N 89°41′05″W / 47.96222°N 89.68472°W / 47.96222; -89.68472Coordinates: 47°57′44″N 89°41′05″W / 47.96222°N 89.68472°W / 47.96222; -89.68472
Area	710 acres (2.9 km²)
Established	January 27, 1960 Established: January 27, 1960
Visitors	68,856 (in 2007)
Governing body	National Park Service

Grand Portage National Monument, a United States National Monument located on the north shore of Lake Superior in northeastern Minnesota, preserves a vital center of fur trade activity and Anishinaabeg Ojibwe heritage.

The Great Hall at Grand Portage

The Grand Portage itself is an 8.5-mile (13.7 km) footpath which bypasses a set of waterfalls and rapids on the last 20 miles (32 km) of the Pigeon River before it flows into Lake Superior. This path is part of the historic trade route of the voyageurs between their wintering grounds and their depots to the east. This route, composed of the Pigeon River and other strategic interior waterways as well as the Grand Portage and many other important land portages, was of enormous importance in pre-industrial times, as it provided quick water access from Canada's settled areas and Atlantic ports to the fur rich NorthWest. Some 50 miles (80 km) upstream from Lake Superior, this trade route crosses the Height of Land Portage connecting South Lake on the Pigeon River watershed with North Lake of the Rainy River watershed. This portage crosses the Northern Continental divide and therefore provides passage between the drainage basin of the Arctic Ocean and that of the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River to the Atlantic Ocean.

History

Ojibwe Wigwam at Grand Portage painted by Eastman Johnson in 1857

As early as 2,000 years ago, Indian Nations probably used Gichi-onigaming, or “the Great Carrying Place”, to travel from summer homes on Lake Superior to winter hunting grounds in the interior of Minnesota and Ontario. In 1729 Cree guide Auchagah drew a map for some of the first French fur traders showing them how to reach the "western sea" of Lake Winnipeg. In time, Grand Portage became the gateway into rich northern fur bearing country connecting remote interior outposts to lucrative international markets.

The Grand Portage trail itself is an 8 1/2 mile trail connecting Grand Portage with Fort Charlotte on the Pigeon River. Voyageurs from the interior of Canada would carry their furs by canoe to Fort Charlotte, and portage the bundles of fur to Grand Portage. There they would meet their counterparts from Montreal, and exchange the furs for trade goods and supplies. Each canoe "brigade" would then return to its starting place.^[1]

Canoe Manned by Voyageurs Passing a Waterfall (Ontario) painted by Frances Anne Hopkins in 1869

In mid-July 1802, partners of the most successful fur trade company in North America, the North West Company, met in their Great Hall at Grand Portage, Minnesota and voted to move their summer headquarters from the protected shores of Lake Superior’s Grand Portage Bay 50 miles (80 km) north to the mouth of the Kaministiquia River. Almost from the time the Anglo-Scot Nor’Westers had organized at Grand Portage in the mid 1780s an emerging United States wanted them out. The July vote would mean that 18 buildings constructed from native squared spruce, pine and birch and over 2,000 cedar pickets surrounding them would be torn down, transported north in company schooners and used in constructing the new Fort William far from U.S. soil.

Reopened in 1951 as Grand Portage National Historic Site, it was designated a National Monument in 1958, and the portage trail itself is a Minnesota State Historic Site.^[2] The monument's 710 acres (2.9 km²) lie entirely within the boundaries of Grand Portage Ojibwe Indian Reservation. The reconstructed depot celebrates fur trade and Ojibwe lifeways. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

Attractions and events

The portage trail exists in much the same location and condition today, and visitors can hike 8.5 miles (13.7 km) from Lake Superior to the Pigeon River. Volunteers and park staff dress in period attire and explain and interpret what life was like at the turn of the 19th century. Every August, Grand Portage National Monument hosts a rendezvous re-enactment and the Grand Portage Ojibwe Indian Reservation holds a pow wow.

Grand Portage National Monument Heritage Center

Opened in 2007, the Grand Portage National Monument Heritage Center features exhibit galleries about Ojibwe culture and the fur trade, a bookstore, multi-media programs, park offices, archives and a classroom. The center is a collaboration between the National Park Service and the Grand Portage Band, and overlooks the reconstructed fur trading post.

Weather and Climate

Weather averages for Lutzen, Minnesota
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °F	22.2	25.7	34.8	46.7	56.4	63.6	70.3	70.5	62.4	52.1	38.5	26.6	47.5
Average low °F	3.9	7.2	19.0	30.5	38.5	44.6	52.1	53.8	47.1	37.7	25.5	10.9	30.9
Rainfall inches	0.9	0.7	1.4	1.9	2.8	3.5	3.5	3.3	3.6	2.5	1.6	1.1	26.4
Snowfall inches	15.2	8.1	8.1	2.2	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	3.8	13.3	50.8
Average high °C	-5	-4	2	8	14	18	21	21	17	11	4	-3	9
Average low °C	-16	-14	-7	-1	4	7	11	12	8	3	-4	-12	-1
Rainfall mm	22.9	17.8	35.6	48.3	71.1	88.9	88.9	83.8	91.4	63.5	40.6	27.9	670.6
Snowfall mm	386.1	205.7	205.7	55.9	5.1	0	0	0	0	10.2	96.5	337.8	1,290.3
Source: [3] 2008-07-02

Image gallery

The Grand Portage depot and dock as seen from the top of Mount Rose.	Informational sign located at the midway point of the Grand Portage Trail.	A visiting reenactor in the reconstructed trade shop located in the Great Hall.	Rendezvous camp at Grand Portage August 2008.
Great Hall in the fall of 1983. Mount Rose rises behind the hall.

References

See also

• Voyageurs
• Fur trade
• Grand Portage, Minnesota
• Grand Portage Indian Reservation
• Grand Portage State Park, Minnesota
• Isle Royale National Park
• Joseph Bailly
• North West Company
• Pigeon River
• Witch Tree

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Grand Portage National Monument

• National Parks Service - Grand Portage National Monument
• Grand Portage homepage
• Information on the Grand Portage band of Chippewa
• Video documentary on 'Grand Portage during the peak of the Fur Trade'

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