Groyne

A groyne (groin in the United States) is a rigid hydraulic structure built from an ocean shore (in coastal engineering) or from a bank (in rivers) that interrupts water flow and limits the movement of sediment. In the ocean, groynes create beaches, or avoid having them washed away by longshore drift. In a river, groynes prevent erosion and ice-jamming, which in turn aids navigation. Ocean groynes run generally perpendicular to the shore, extending from the upper foreshore or beach into the water. All of a groyne may be under water, in which case it is a submerged groyne. The areas between groups of groynes are groyne fields. Groynes are generally made of wood, concrete, or rock piles, and placed in groups. Groynes are common and require little maintenance. They are often used in tandem with seawalls. Groynes, however, may cause a shoreline to be perceived as unnatural and ugly.

In coastal engineering

A groyne's length and elevation, and the spacing between groynes is determined according to local wave energy and beach slope. Groynes that are too long or too high tend to accelerate downdrift erosion because they trap too much sediment. Groynes that are too short, too low, or too permeable are ineffective because they trap too little sediment. Flanking may occur if a groyne does not extend far enough landward.

How groynes work

A groyne creates and maintains a wide area of beach or sediment on its updrift side, and reduces erosion on the other. It is a physical barrier to stop sediment transport in the direction of longshore transport (also called Longshore Drift). This causes a build-up, which is often accompanied by accelerated erosion of the downdrift beach, which receives little or no sand from longshore drift (this is known as terminal groyne syndrome, as it occurs after the terminal groyne in a group of groynes). Groynes do not add additional material to a beach, but merely retain some of the existing sediment on the updrift side of the groynes.^{[citation needed]} If a groyne is correctly designed, then the amount of material it can hold will be limited, and excess sediment will be free to move on through the system. However, if a groyne is too large it may trap too much sediment, which can cause severe beach erosion on the down-drift side.

In rivers

River groynes (spur dykes or wing dykes) (American English: "dikes") are often constructed nearly perpendicular to the riverbanks, beginning at a riverbank with a root and ending at the regulation line with a head. They maintain a channel to prevent ice jamming, and more generally improve navigation and control over lateral erosion, that would form from meanders. Groynes have a major impact on the river morphology: they cause autonomous degradation of the river.^[1]

They are also used around bridges to prevent bridge scour.

Types of groynes

Groynes can be distinguished by construction, action on stream flow and appearance.^[2]

Classification according to the method and materials of construction

Groynes may be permeable, allowing the water to flow through at reduced velocities, or impermeable, blocking and deflecting the current. Permeable groynes are large rocks, bamboo or timber, whereas impermeable groynes (solid groynes or rock armour groynes) are constructed using rock, gravel, gabions.

Classification according to submergence stage

Submerged Groin, Hunting Island, South Carolina

Groynes may be submerged or not under normal conditions. Usually impermeable groynes are non-submerged, since flow over the top of solid groynes may cause severe erosion along the shanks. Submerged groynes, on the other hand, may be permeable depending on the degree of flow disturbance needed.

Classification according to the action on the stream flow

Groynes may be classified as attracting, deflecting or repelling. Attracting groynes point downstream, serving to attract the stream flow toward themselves and not repel the flow toward the opposite bank. They tend to maintain deep current close to the bank. Deflecting groynes change the direction of flow without repelling it. They are generally short and used for limited, local protection. Repelling groynes point upstream; they force the flow away from themselves. A single groyne may have one section, for example, attracting, and another section deflecting.

Classification according to their appearance in planview

Groynes may be built with different planview shapes. Examples are straight groynes, T head, L head, hockey stick, inverted hockey stick groynes, straight groynes with pier head, wing, and tail groynes.

Gallery

Groynes in the Waal river, part of the Rhine in the Netherlands	Groyne on the East coast of England	Timber groynes in Bournemouth, England	Timber groyne in Sandown, Isle Of Wight, England
Groynes in Sitges

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Groyne

• Sluice, Weir, Canal lock
• River, Stream, Canal
• Water, Water resource
• Flood

Notes

1. ^ Yossef (2005)
2. ^ Przedwojski et al. (1995)

References

• Construction Industry Research and Information Association (1990) Groynes in coastal engineering : data on performance of existing groyne systems, CIRIA technical note 135, London : CIRIA, ISBN 0-86017-314-3
• Crossman, M. and Simm, J. (2004) Manual on the use of timber in coastal and river engineering, HR Wallingford, London : Thomas Telford, ISBN 0-7277-3283-8
• French, P.W. (2001) Coastal defences : processes, problems and solutions, London : Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19844-5
• Hoyle, J.W. and King, J.T. (1971) The principles of coast protection, Lyndhurst : the authors, ISBN 0-903015-00-5
• Przedwojski, B., Błażejewski, R and Pilarczyk, K.W. (1995) River training techniques : fundamentals, design and applications, Rotterdam : Balkema, ISBN 90-541-0196-2
• Walker, D.J. (1987) Nearshore hydrodynamics and the behaviour of groynes on sandy beaches, PhD thesis, Imperial College London, 277 p.
• Yossef, M.F.M. (2005) Morphodynamics of rivers with groynes, Delft Hydraulics select series, 7/2005, Delft University Press, ISBN 90-407-2607-8

External links

• Groynes in the Netherlands
• River Engineering and Morphology
• Channel Coastal Observatory - Groynes
• The Effect of Groynes on Rivers - Literature review