Halide Edip Adivar

Halide Edip Adivar (1884-1964) was a Turkish writer, scholar, and public figure dedicated to the rights of women and their emancipation. She attempted to analyze the rapid transition of Turkish society and to depict the deep-seated conflict the society faced through the clash between Eastern and Western culture.

Halide Edip was born in 1884 in Istanbul as the daughter of Mehmet Edip bey, private treasurer of Sultan Abdulhamit II, later director of the Régie Française de Tabac at Yanina and Bursa. Although she did not attend primary school, she received private lessons from well known personalities in the field of social sciences, philosophy, and mathematics. After graduating in 1901 from the American Girls College in Usküdar/Istanbul, she married her former tutor, the mathematician Salih Riza bey; two boys - Ayetullah and Hikmetullah - were born to the couple. After 1907 her articles were published in the newspaper Tanin and other reviews under the name of Halide Salih.

When her husband decided to take a second wife, she asked for a divorce in 1910. From that year on she taught history and concentrated her attention on issues of education. During World War I she was formally invited to Syria, where she organized the public instruction system and served as inspector of the girls' secondary schools in Beirut and Damascus. In 1918 she married Adnan Adivar, a well-known professor of medicine who later became minister of health under Mustafa Kemal's leadership. In 1918 Halide Edip was appointed professor of Western literature at the University of Istanbul. Following the armistice Halide Edip enthusiastically adopted the peace proposals of President Woodrow Wilson and became an activist in favor of an American mandate. After realizing that none of the defeated nations adhered to Wilson's principles, she changed her mind and espoused the nationalistic cause proclaimed by Mustafa Kemal, later Ataturk.

Halide Edip was the first woman speaker at a mass meeting in Istanbul in 1919, protesting the occupation of Izmir by the Greek armed forces. After the occupation of Istanbul in March 1919 by the British, she fled with her husband, Adnan bey, to Anatolia to join Mustafa Kemal's forces. The sultan's government condemned to death in absentia Mustafa Kemal and five of his closest collaborators; one among the condemned was Halide Edip. After joining the nationalist forces in Anatolia, the young woman writer began to work at the general staff headquarters; later she was moved to the Western front. In recognition of her military services she was promoted to the rank of sergeant.

After the establishment of the Turkish Republic, Halide Edip, her husband, and like-minded friends founded the Progressive Republican Party as the major opposition party. Following a ban on this party in 1925, the Adivars went abroad and lived from 1926 to 1939 in Europe and the United States. Halide Edip was invited by Columbia University as guest professor in 1928-1929. She taught courses on the intellectual history of the Near East and on contemporary Turkish literature. In 1935 Mahatma Gandhi invited her to India, where she taught in New Delhi. The couple returned to their home country in 1939. From 1940 on Halide Edip headed the chair of English literature at Istanbul University. After the transition to a multiparty system, Halide Edip served one term in parliament as an independent member from Izmir (1950-1954). She died on January 9, 1964, in Istanbul and was buried in the cemetery of Merkezefendi.

The most important characteristic of Halide Edip's novels is the broad social framework she built around her stories. Without neglecting the psychological dimensions, her main emphasis was on providing the reader with an insight into the major social issues of the time. Among her heroes women play an important role. In her writings one comes across nationalistic women, modernized women, women with strong personalities, women rising up against oppression, and idealistic women striving to educate the masses. Her male heroes are much more statue-like; they lack energy and drive. Her language was full of feelings, vivid and warm. Instead of detailed descriptions she preferred an impressionistic style. Her best known novel, The Clown and His Daughter, was first written in English, later rewritten in Turkish; the novel was given a literary prize in 1942. The book won international fame and went through 25 editions.

The first phase of her novel-writing reflected excitement and observation (1908-1928); the second phase attempted to achieve a cultural synthesis (1928-1952). In her two volumes on the history of English literature emphasis was placed upon the climatic, historical, social, and political factors which influenced the literary products. Halide Edip also wrote a successful detective story - the Crime of Vol Palace - and a number of short stories and essays. Her memoirs reflect the atmosphere of her early childhood in a typical Eastern setting as well as the problems she had to face upon confronting Western civilization. However, her inconsistent ideological tendency, vacillating between pan-Turkism and pro-Americanism or Turkish nationalism and the ideal of Westernization, prevented her from basing her analyses and her proposed solutions on solid ground.

Halide Edip during her 80 years achieved great distinction as a novelist, social philosopher, and academician. She was the first public speaker to mobilize Turkish public opinion. Halide Edip served in the army. She was a rebel against traditions and threw herself into the struggle of her nation for life and liberty, but never ceased to be aware of the moral and cultural conflicts of her time.

Further Reading

A considerable amount of Halide Edip's productions - including novels, plays, essays, and short stories - have been translated into a number of foreign languages, predominantly into English. Among her early novels dealing with pan-Turkism Das neue Turan was published in German (Weimar, 1916). Her novel The Shirt of Flame, dealing with issues pertaining to nationalist causes and the war of independence, was published in New York in 1924; this book appeared also over the years in German, Arabic, Russian, Swedish, and Urdu. A further volume dealing with nationalistic issues, The Turkish Ordeal, was published in English in London in 1928. Among her short stories, a collection entitled The Wolf on the Mountain was translated into English, German, and Norwegian. Another novel, La fille de Smyrne, appeared in French in Alger in 1948. Among Halide Edip's novels, the most famous one, translated into several languages and filmed twice, was The Clown and His Daughter, first written in English and published in London in 1935. The Turkish translation, entitled Sinekli Bakkal (The Grocer of Sinekli), won the literary prize given by the People's Republican Party in 1942.

Halide Edip wrote also a few theater plays, among them Masks and Souls (London, 1953). Most of her essays and some of her lectures were also published abroad, namely "Turkey Faces West" (London, 1930); "Conflict of East and West in Turkey" (Lahore, 1935); and "Inside India" (London, 1937). Her interesting, personal memories of her youth are also available in English under the title Memoirs of Halide Edip (London, 1928). For a discussion on Halide Edip's ideas on the status of Turkish women, see Emel Dogramaci, "The Novelist Halide Edip Adivar and Turkish Feminism" in The World of Islam, Vol. 14 (Leiden, 1971). For a broader outlook see Füsun (Altiok) Akatli, "The Image of Woman in Turkish Literature" in Nermin Abadan-Unat, editor, Women in Turkish Society (Leiden, 1981) and Kathleen Burrill, "Modern Turkish Literature, " Review of National Literatures, special issue (Spring 1973).

Additional Sources

Advar, Halide Edib, The Turkish ordeal:being the further memoirs of Halide Edib, Westport, Conn.:Hyperion Press, 1981.

1884 - 1964

Prolific Turkish author (best known as a novelist), journalist, pioneer feminist, nationalist, and educator.

Born in Constantinople (now Istanbul), Halide Edib Adivar lost her mother early in life. Her father (a first secretary to the sultan's privy purse) re-married, and she spent much of her childhood in her maternal grandmother's traditional Muslim household, where she learned to read, write, and recite the Qurʾan. She also came in touch with Christianity and learned Greek (attending a Greek-run kindergarten), and her Anglophile father provided her with English governesses and later with various private tutors. She had spent a year at the American College for Girls when she was eleven but withdrew on orders of the sultan. Reentering in 1899, she was the first Turk to graduate from the college (1901). The same year, she married one of her tutors, mathematician Salih Zeki. They had two sons but were divorced in 1910 when he took a second wife. She later married Dr. Abdulhak Adnan Adivar.

Halide Edib Adivar began writing at the time of the Second Constitution (1908), contributing articles to Tanin that urged educational and social reforms. Vulnerable as a progressive, she left the country during the 1909 counterrevolution. On her return, she taught for a while then served as inspector of schools under the Ministry of Religious Foundations. Believing in democracy and the social responsibilities of the educated toward the people at large, she was a member of the first Women's Club in Turkey, addressing protest meetings on the treatment of women, and was active in relief and nursing activities during the Balkan War. Like other prominent intellectuals, she fell under the influence of Ziya Gökalp and participated in the activities of the Turkish Hearth Association, addressing public demonstrations after the Greek landing at İzmir in particular that of 23 May 1919, in Sultan Ahmet Square. First advocating an American mandate for Turkey, when the British started to deport members of the last Ottoman parliament to Malta, she and Adnan Adivar escaped to Anatolia to join the nationalists (March 1920).

She played an important role during the war of independence in Ankara as one of Atatürk's inner circle and as "Corporal Halide" at the front. Disillusioned after the founding of the republic, she left Turkey with her husband (1926) and, apart from one short visit, returned only after Atatürk's death. She spent the intervening period mainly in London and Paris but also toured India and visited the United States to lecture. Back in Turkey, she held the chair of English language and literature at Istanbul University and served as deputy in the Grand National Assembly (1950 - 1954).

Halide Edib Adivar's novels fall into three main categories: psychological novels, sagas of the war of independence, and panoramas of city life or period novels. She denied that she herself is the woman behind her heroines - whom she subjects to keen psychological analysis. Their experiences, however, frequently reflect her own, as in Yeni Turan (New Turan, 1912) in which the heroine sacrifices herself for pan-Turkism, a cause then espoused by the author. Her most famous war of independence novel is Ateşten Gömlek (Shirt of fire). Serialized in the press before publication in book form (1923), it portrays the popular support for the national movement. Sinekli Bakkal (1923), a panorama of Constantinople life in the Abdülhamit II period is a highpoint of her novel writing. Published first in English as The Clown and His Daughter (London, 1935), it received the Turkish Republican People's Party Prize for Best Novel (1943). Also serialized, it became a best-seller and was made into a film.

In addition to novels and many articles, she produced translations (including Orwell's Animal Farm), a three-volume history of English literature, numerous short stories, and three works in English containing her impressions of India and lectures delivered in India and the United States. Her language and style (influenced by her English-American education) have been criticized by Turks. Nevertheless, she proved popular with the reading public, her Turkish being close to the spoken word of her day. Moreover, her works, which reflect her acute powers of observation and understanding of people, are extremely strong in descriptive passages and bring the Turkish scene alive in a manner not previously achieved.

Bibliography

Adivar, Halide Edib. Memoirs of Halidé Edib. New York: Arno Press, 1972.

Adivar, Halide Edib. The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib. Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1981.

Woodsmall, Ruth Francis. Moslem Women Enter a New World. New York: AMS Press, 1975.

— KATHLEEN R. F. BURRILL